• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.153-162
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• 2008

Pinewood nematode (PWN) trapping by nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys conoides, A. dactyloides and A. oligospora and the fungal growth were characterized. The three Arthrobotrys species each was inoculated into the PWN cultured on Botrytis cinera fungal colony on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The effects of temperature, pH, PWN inoculation density and nutrients on the growth of the three Arthrobotrys spp were measured. A. conoides grew fast, 13.9 mm/day while A. dactyloides grew slow, 3 mm/day. PDA medium was the best for the fungal growth at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.5. The Arthrobotrys spp growth was stimulated by 500 nematodes inoculation but not by 1000 inoculation. A. dactyloides did not grow below pH 4.5 and at high PWN density. A. conoides and A oligospora formed trapping organs with thick constricting hyphal network only when PWN present, while A. dactyloides formed the organ with circular hyphae constitutively. A. conoides formed trapping organs faster than A. oligospora did. The nematode trapping hyphae of the fungi penetrated into PNW inside to form many tiny infection bulbs and to digest the nematode. However, A. dactyloides formed a few trapping organs but no trapping was observed. Infection rate of PWN was 95% by A. conoides, 80% by A. oligospora and 92% by the combination inoculation of A. conoides and A. oligospora. In contrast A. dactyloides increased PWN density without infecton. There was no interaction effect in any combination inoculation of the three Arthrobotrys spp. A. conoides enhanced PWN infection rate by rapid hyphal growth and early trapping, while A. oligospora did it by increasing hyphal density. In conclusion A. conoides is the most effective in both hyphal growth and infection, and thus these characteristics can be utilized as a biological control of PWN.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1984

Susceptible trees of Pinus densiflora and resistant trees of Pinus rigida following pine gall midge (Tnecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) attack were seasonally compared to examine the variation in needle growth and photosynthetic ability, respiration rate, chlorophyll contents, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents. Also, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of larvae both from soil and from galled tissue were compared during March and September, respectively. The plantation damaged severely by this insect consisted mostly of 10-to 15-year old P. rigida and P. densiflora. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1) The length of the infested needles of P. densiflora decreased by 48.1 percent compared with the normal needles, while that of P. rigida did 37.4 percent. 2) All of P. densiflora and P. rigida showed higher photosynthetic ability in normal needles than in infested needles. The maximum photosynthetic ability of P. densiflora was shown in mid-August, while that of P. rigida in mid-October. In contrast to that, respiration rate of infested needles was higher than that of normal needles in both species. The respiration rate of P. rigida was higher than that of P. densiflora. 3) P. rigida had higher total chlorophyll contents than P. densiflora. The total carotenoid contents tents in infested needles were higher than those in normal needles of both species. 4) Total carotenoid contents were generally higher in P. rigida than in P. densiflora during the growing season. The total carotenoid content (0.094mg/g) in larvae from soil was similar to that (0.092mg/g) in larvae from galled tissues. 5) Infested needles of both species showed higher anthocyanin contents than normal needles. Higher anthocyanin contents in galled needles were due primarily to its active formation stimulated by larval attack. Thus, reddish-brown coloration occurred only in galled needles of P. densiflora.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.88-104
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• 1999

This study was carried out to classify the Hanjis into three groups that were indigenous Hanji, traditional Hanji, and improved Hanji handmade by paper making method according to the physical properties of each paper sheet such as tensile, bursting and tearing strength, folding endurance and fiber orientation in each layer. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The multi-layered Hanjis made by "Oebal" Hanji making method in different direction of fiber orientation have good properties in tearing resistance. 2. The multi-layered Hanji in different direction of fiber orientation has good properties in the tearing resistance, but the burst index and the breaking length results were lower than the single layered Hanjis. 3. The different fiber orientation and multi-layered method didn't increase, the three indexes(burst index, tear index, breaking length). Only, the different direction of fiber orientation decreased the difference of width and length strength (tensile, tear) of the Hanji. 4. "Dochim"(Korean finishing touch process for indigenous Hanji by fulling round sticks) greatly increase folding endurance(double folds, not $log_{10}$) and good effect to tensile strength and burst strength. 5. The today's Oebal Hanji were the maximum of 2 layers and the indigenous Oebal Hanji were 16 layers the maximum. In addition, average of the indigenous Oebal Hanji was 4 layers(all 4-layer Hanji were the different fiber orientation of each layer). 6, The indigenous Hanji(multi-layered, and different fiber orientation) was good condition with "Dochim". Dochim increased tensile strength and burst strength of the indigenous Hanji. So the three-strength indexes were similar level("--"). 7. When the number of layer which were same fiber orientation increase, the increased Hanji became similar strength pattern("V", breaking length and burst index was higher than tear index) with "Ssangbal" Hanji. 8. The single layered papers that made by "Oebal" Hanji making method were similar strength pattern with Ssangbal Hanji. 9. There was no way to find the width and length direction of multi-layered Hanji by comparison between the difference of tensile strength and the difference of tearing resistance. 10. The compared pattern of tensile strength and tearing resistance of indigenous Oebal Hanji was different from today's Oebal Hanji. Especially, the tearing resistance of all indigenous Oebal Hanji(16 samples) was stronger on width of tearing resistance. And in the half of indigenous Oebal Hanji samples, the width of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than length strength (Indigenous Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 50%, '$\bigcup$' 50% $\leftrightarrow$ Today's Oebal: '$\ulcorner\lrcorner$' 12%, '$\bigcup$'6%, '$\llcorner\urcorner$'17%, '$\bigcap$'65%). In 65% today's Oebal, the length direction of tensile strength and tearing resistance was stronger than the width direction.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2009

This study was designed to examine the effect of aroma massage therapy on lower extremity edema of terminal cancer patients. Methods: A total of thirty-six terminal cancer patients with lower extremity edema were divided into two groups: the aroma massage group received massage with blending oil which was applied from toes to 10 cm above the knee of the subject for 15 to 20 minutes in each turn, while the control group received sham aroma massage (applied with carrier oil only). The circumferences of the fore-foot, ankle and calf were measured before massage and 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 12 hours after massage. The blood pressure, pulse and body temperature were also measured to find the change of subject's physiologic conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and lower extremity circumferences between two groups. However, edema at each site was slightly improved in the treatment group after the aroma massage therapy, compared to baseline data (P<0.05). In addition, the reduction of lower extremity circumference was maximal at 2 hours in foot, 30 min in right ankle and 12 hours in right calf after aroma massage therapy (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that aroma massage therapy is not effective on the lower extremity edema of terminal cancer patients.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences according to the hospitals of antenatal care in premature infants. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of premature infants with gestational ages <37 weeks and very low birth weights who were admitted immediately after birth to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital between March 2007 and February 2009. The hospitals of antenatal care were divided into two levels (primary antenatal care hospital: hospitals with less than a level 2 NICU, secondary antenatal care hospital: hospitals with a level 3 NICU) based on the level of NICU in hospitals. In addition, total infants were divided into two groups (Immediate group: infants born within 24 hours of maternal admission, Delayed group: infants born after 24 hours of maternal admission). The differences between maternal and neonatal variables in each groups were studied. Results: Neonates in secondary antenatal care hospitals comprised 11.0% of the study neonates (10 of 91). We compared with two groups (primary antenatal care hospital and secondary antenatal care hospital), but there were no differences in all subjects. However, the 1 minute Apgar score ($\leq3$) was lower in the immediate group than the delayed group. Conclusion: Shorter duration of maternal admission to delivery was associated with a lower 1 minute Apgar score of neonates. These findings suggest that if maintenance of pregnancy is difficult when high-risk gravidas are transferred, clinicians must prepare for emergencies of neonates.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2003

The present study was designed to demonstrate ionic zinc in the rat nasal mucosa by means of zinc selenium autometallography ($ZnSe^{AMG}$). Rats were given sodium selenide either intraperitoneally (i.p) or intranasally (i.n). Prior to the i.n. administration the rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg, i.p.). A thin plastic tube coupled to a Hamilton syringe was then inserted into the right nostril and $10{\mu}l$ of the solution was instilled. For the i.p. administration non-anesthetized rats were given $100{\mu}l$ of the sodium selenide solution (10 mg/kg). Control rats were instilled with saline. After 2 hrs survival, the rats were anaesthetized and transcardially perfused with 3% glutaraldehyde. The olfactory area was removed and put into same fixative. The nose was then sectioned ($30{\mu}m$) horizontally, autometallography (AMG) was performed according to Danscher et al. (1997). After silver enhancement, fine AMG grains were scattered in the whole length of the olfactory epithelium containing olfactory receptor neurons, sustentacular and basal cells. However, much higher concentration of the AMG grains occupied near the surface and in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium. Both groups of i.p. and i.n. administration showed almost same level in the concentration of the AMG grains. In i.n. group, few AMG grains were also found in olfactory nerves of the lamina propria, suggesting zinc transport into the olfactory bulb via olfactory axons. At the electron microscopic level, the AMG grains were most entirely found in the supporting cells of the olfactory epithelium, and they were mostly localized in lysosome-like organelles. The i.n. group showed various signs of tissue damage of the olfactory mucosa, where dense concentration of AMG grains were localized at crystalloid structures. The present study demonstrated dense population of ionic zinc in the rat olfactory epithelium. zinc may play a role in the olfactory functioin and in the pathogenesis of the neurodegerative disorders affecting nose.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate on agronomic characteristics, forage quality and dry matter (DM) yields of mugwort (Artemisia princeps Pamp.) collected different region at Seongju in Kyeongbuk from 2014 to 2015. The experiment was arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. Mugwort was planted on $17^{th}$ March, 2014 and harvested on $13^{th}$ September, 2014 and on $25^{th}$ May and $9^{th}$ September, 2015. DM yields of Dalsung(1), Seongju B.(1), Dalsung(2) and Sajuarissuk were 17.3, 16.8, 16.7 and $16.7(MT\;ha^{-1})$, respectively and the DM yields of those were higher (p<0.05) than the other mugworts in 2014. In 2015, DM yields of Dalsung(1), Dalsung(2), Seongju B.(1), and Sajuarissuk were 19.5, 19.3, 18.4 and $18.4(MT\;ha^{-1})$, respectively and DM yields of those were higher (p<0.05) than the others. DDM(digestable dry matter) content of mugworts was a range of 56.4 to 60.8% and that of Sajabalssuk, 60.8% was the highest. Seongju B.(1) 58.8% was higher than Seongju B.(2) 56.4% but there were no difference among the Dalsung(1) 58.4%, Dalsung(2) 58.1%, Sajuarissuk 57.7% and Yeongcheon. The result of this study indicated that Dalsung(1), Dalsung(2), Sajuarissuk and Seongju B.(1) would be recommendable for forage production.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.438-449
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• 1994

This paper focuses on recontextualizing geography curriculum, i.e. examining recent changing aspects in three geography curriculum locators-society, student and discipline of geography-and searching future directions of geography curriculum in light of such changes. For conciliation and reflection of changing aspects of each locators, this paper dealt with social issues and societal changes in terms of locator of society, increased concern to student and development of cognitive science in terms of students, and challenging views on science and the meaning of epistemological changes in geography in terms of discipline. As a result, three future directions in geography curriculum are searched : issue-based geography curriculum, thinking geography curriculum, geography curriculum toward equity and accessbility.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of present study is to examine the correlation between the accuracy of abutment preparation and the marginal adaptation of metal coping. With this view, this study compared the correlations regard to the three different manufacturing methods of selective laser sintering technique, milling and casting. Materials and methods: Two master models were made in a different way. First model with deep chamfer margin was prepared directly by a general clinician and the second model was designed by 3-D designing software program with the same abutment preparation principle and produced by computer aided manufacturing. 12 Co-Cr alloy copings were produced respectively with three different method; SLS system, CAD/CAM milling and conventional lost wax technique from each master model. The total 72 copings fully sit on the master model were stereoscopically evaluated at 40 points along the entire circumferential margin. Results: Significant differences in the absolute marginal discrepancies of Co- Cr copings from SLS system (P=.0231) and casting method (P<.0001) were shown between hand preparation model and computer designed model. However, no significant difference was found between the two model groups from milling method (P=.9962). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, the effect of the accuracy of abutment preparation on the marginal adaptation of Co-Cr coping is statistically significant in SLS system and casting group. The copings produced by SLS system exhibited the lowest marginal discrepancies among all groups, and the marginal gap of this method group was influenced by the accuracy of the abutment preparation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the surface characteristics of titanium discs coated with MS275/PLGA by electrospray and which is effective to mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. Materials and methods: We used anodized surface coated with PLGA as a control group and anodized surface coated with MS275 $0.5{\mu}M$, $1{\mu}M$, $1.5{\mu}M$ as test groups. To examine that the coating particles are nanometer sized, FE-SEM was used and AFM was utilized to determine the difference of coating surface roughness. We checked the mesenchymal stem cell proliferation by using MTT assay on $1^{st}$, $4^{th}$, $7^{th}$ days. Results: There was no significant difference between control groups and test groups in AFM results (P>.05). In MTT assay results, mesenchymal stem cell proliferation was increased with time, at $7^{th}$ day, cell viability on discs coated with $1.5{\mu}M$ MS275 was significantly higher than control group (P<.05). As SEM showed, the number of cells on all discs was increased and the morphology of cell attachment was also wider and closer with time. Conclusion: Titanium surface coated with MS275/PLGA showed significantly higher cell proliferation and the more density of MS275 was dispersed on titanium discs, the faster cells grew.