• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.8
• /
• pp.797-808
• /
• 2008

This study has been carried out to obtain information related to food habits and snacking behaviors including health related behaviors. The subjects were 300 middle school students (144 boys and 156 girls). The results were as follows: Average height and weight of boys were 162.3 cm and 54.1 kg respectively. Those of girls were 159.8 cm and 49.0 kg respectively. 59.0% of the subjects of the subjects had 10,000-30,000 won as monthly allowances and their subjective health condition was good (55.7%). In the regularity of meal, 47.0% of the subjects had twice a day, the main reason for skipping meal was insufficient time to eat due to oversleep (54.3%). Most of the subjects (75.0%) had a prejudice in food selection because of a bad taste. 62.0% of the subjects ate snack between meals more than three times a week, because they were hungry, good taste and habitual. The criteria of choosing snack were taste, nutrition and quality of food. Food as snacks they frequently had fruits, milk and milk products, cookies, chocolate in order. Boys had more french fries than girls, girls had more fruits, cookies and chocolate than boys. Average food habit score of boys (49.27 ${\pm}$ 7.53) was higher than that of girls (48.54 ${\pm}$ 7.81). The group who had a higher food habit score, they had more fruits and less soft drink as snacks, lower BMI, and also less monthly allowance than the group who had a lower food habit score. This study may provide basic information on eating habits of middle school students, suggests that nutrition education or counseling can improve food habits and develop positive behaviors toward healthy diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.6
• /
• pp.989-998
• /
• 2004

The objectives of this work was to investigate the effects of feeding type of concentrates during growing period and slaughter age on growth performance, feed efficiency and carcass characteristics in growing-fattening Holstein steers. Treatments were two concentrates feeding types(ad libitum or restricted 1.9% of BW) and three slaughter ages(at 19, 22 or 25 mo). Body weight at slaughter was numerically higher(approx. 8.3%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. TDN intake rate was higher(8.4%) for the restricted than the ad libitum feeding groups. One mo slaughter delay increased TDN intake by 4%. Despite the lack of significances, higher back fat thickness and rib-eye area appeared in the restricted feeding or the late slaughter groups compared with the ad libitum feeding or the early slaughter groups. Marbling score(mean 2.46) numerically increased when the steers were restrictively fed concentrates compared with the ad libitum feeding groups. In addition, significant increases in the marbling score were associated with the slaughter age delay. In economic analysis, increases in total income were associated with the restricted feeding and the slaughter age delay. Whereas the highest monthly income appeared in the restricted feeding-and-slaughter at 22 mo group. In conclusion, the optimal feeding system may be 1) the restricted concentrates feeding(1.9% of BW) during growing period and 2) the late slaughter age(22${\sim}$25 mo of age) in growing-fattening Holstein steers fed rice straw.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.27-31
• /
• 2008

This study investigated the effects of copper and zinc sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and meat characteristics in finishing pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) inorganic copper ($CuSO_4{\cdot}5H_2O$ 30ppm), 2) organic copper (Cu-methionine, 30 ppm), 3) inorganic zinc (ZnO, 80 ppm) and 4) organic zinc (Zn-methionine, 80 ppm). ZnO treatment improved the ADFI (average daily feed intake) compared to Cu-met and Zn-met treatments (p<0.05) during 5 weeks of treatment. However, during the entire experimental period, the ADG (average daily gain), ADFI and F:G ratio (feed conversion ratio) were not significantly different among the treatments (p>0.05). DM and N digestibility were not significantly different among the treatments after 5 weeks (p>0.05). At the end of the experiment, DM and N digestibility were decreased with Zn-met treatment relative to the other three treatments. The pH value of meat from $CuSO_4$ treated pigs was greater than Zn-met and ZnO treated pigs (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation was carried out for randomly selected (n = 16) paired loin samples. Meat color levels were increased (p<0.05) with Cu treatments compared to Zn treatments. $CuSO_4$ decreased the marbling of meat relative to the other treatments (p<0.05). The firmness was greater with ZnO treatment compared to Cu-met and ZnO treatments (p<0.05). These results indicate that inorganic Zn can improve growth performance, however, inorganic Cu and Zn are as effective as organic Cu and Zn at improving nutrient digestibility, carcass traits and meat quality. This form of organic additive can be friendlier to the environment than inorganic supplements.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.25 no.5
• /
• pp.403-414
• /
• 2004

In the accompanying paper, we proposed a real. time volumetric imaging method using a cross array based on receive dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture focusing along lateral and elevational directions, respetively. But synthetic aperture methods using spherical waves are subject to beam spreading with increasing depth due to the wave diffraction phenomenon. Moreover, since the proposed method uses only one element for each transmission, it has a limited transmit power. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new real. time volumetric imaging method using cross arrays based on synthetic aperture technique with linear wave fronts. In the proposed method, linear wave fronts having different angles on the horizontal plane is transmitted successively from all transmit array elements. On receive, by employing the conventional dynamic focusing and synthetic aperture methods along lateral and elevational directions, respectively, ultrasound waves can be focused effectively at all imaging points. Mathematical analysis and computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide uniform elevational resolution over a large depth of field. Especially, since the new method can construct a volume image with a limited number of transmit receive events using a full transmit aperture, it is suitable for real-time 3D imaging with high transmit power and volume rate.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.263-270
• /
• 2010

This is a research on development of water purification equipment called artificial floating island (=AFI) for the stagnant water area which can secure exuberant landscape and water-friendility. The equipment devised in this study is designed to make up the weakness of conventional AFIs and improves the removal efficiency of pollutants using the mixture of media and plants. The air compressor positioned at the inlet releases air with inflow continuously, the water pump at the outlet sprays as a form of fountain with causing a disturbance on stable water column, then, both of them contribute improvement of water quality over a large area. We applied Bio-stone as a media in this system and performed an experiment of pre-efficiency test, and we concluded that the higher pollutants concentration of inflow, the higher removal efficiency we obtained. At the result of lab-scale experiment, in the case of high-concentration inflow, in the removal efficiency of SS is 62.2%, BOD is 50.2%, COD is 55.1%, T-N is 31.6%, T-P is 38.4%. In addition, to evaluate the field application, we set up the facilities in Sin-gal lake located in Yongin-Si Gyeonggi-Do, and researched on the removal efficiency of outflow relative to the inflow. As a result, SS is 53.5%, BOD is 32.8%, COD is 36.9%, T-N is 22.6%, T-N is 33.2%.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.6
• /
• pp.825-830
• /
• 2010

Two diallelic markers at candidate gene loci, the prolactin receptor 3 (PRLR3) gene and the retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) gene were evaluated for their association with growth and litter size traits in Berkshire. Genetic evaluation was conducted for 5,919 pigs with pedigree information, which included 3,480 growth performance records and 775 litter size records of 224 sows. From the same herd, genotyping was carried out on 144 and 156 animals for PRLR3 and RBP4, respectively. After assigning a genotype to subjects in which both parents had a homozygous genotype, numbers of genotyped animals increased to 474 and 338, for the PRLR3 gene and RBP4 gene, respectively. The genotype effects of two markers were estimated with breeding values of the genotyped animals. The additive effects of total number of piglets born and number of piglets born alive in the PRLR3 locus were -0.28 and -0.13, respectively. The dominance effect of the RBP4 locus on average daily gain was -10.58 g. However, the polymorphism of the RBP4 locus in total number of piglets born and number of piglets born alive has shown -0.34 and -0.33 of the additive genetic effects. In view of the results, MAS (marker-assisted selection) favoring B alleles of RBP4 and PRLR3 loci could potentially accelerate the rate of the genetic improvement in the litter size traits.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.151-160
• /
• 1998

Tangerine peel is mostly discarded as waste in citrus processing. However, tangerine peel contains besides dietary fibers bioflavonoids such as naringin and hesperidin which act as antimicrobials and blood pressure depressants, respectively. A continuous membrane separation process was optimized for the production of bioflavonoids relative to feed flow rate, transmembrane pressure, temperature, and pH. The tangerine peel was blended with 7.5 times water volume and the extract was prefiltered through a prefiltration system. The prefiltered extract was ultrafiltered in a hollow fiber membrane system. The flux and feed flow rate didn't show any apparent correlation, but we could observe a mass-transfer controlled region of over 8 psi. When temperature increased from $9^{\circ}C\;to\;25^{\circ}C$, the flux increased about $10\;liters/m^2/min\;(LMH)$ but between $25^{\circ}C\;and\;33^{\circ}C$, the flux increased only 2 LMH. At every transmembrane pressure, the flux of pH 4.8 was the most highest and the flux at pH 3.0 was lower than that of pH 6.0, 7.0, or 9.0. Therefore, the optimum operating conditions were 49.3 L/hr. 10 psi, $25^{\circ}C$, and pH 4.8. Under the optimum conditions, the flux gradually decreased and finally reached a steady-state after 1 hr 50 min. The amount of dietary fibers in 1.0 g retentate in each separation step was analyzed and bioflavonoids concentration in each permeate was measured. The contents of total dietary fiber in the 170 mesh retentate and soluble dietary fiber in the prefiltered retentate were the highest. Naringin and hesperidin concentration in the permeate were $0.45{\sim}0.65\;mg/g\;and\;5.15{\sim}6.86\;mg/g$ respectively, being $15{\sim}22$ times and $79{\sim}93$ times higher than those in the tangerine peel. Therefore, it can be said that PM 10 hollow fiber membrane separation system may be a very effective method for the recovery of bioflavonoids from tangerine peel.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the efficacy of combined treatment of surgery and chemoradiotherapy for supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (SPNET) and obtain the Prognostic factors and complications Materials and Methods .The a9e of 18 patients ranged from 1 to 27 years (median=5 years). There were 12 males and 6 females The extents of surgery were gross total (n:9), subtotal (n:8), biopsy only (n: 1). Craniospinal radiotherapy was delivered to all the patients except 2 patients who were treated only with the whole brain and primary lesion. Radiation dose were 3120-5800cGy (median=5460) to primary mass, 1500-4200cGy (median=3600cGy) to the whole brain and 1320-3600cGy (median= 2400 cGy) to the spinal axis. Chemotherapy was done in 13 patients. Median follow-up period was 45 months ranged from 1 to 89 months. Results : Patterns of failure were as follows; local recurrence (1), multiple intracranial recurrence (2), spinal seeding (3), craniospinal seeding (2) and multiple bone metastasis (1). Two of two patients who did not received craniospinal radiotherapy failed at spinal area. All the relapsed cases died at 1 to 13 months after diagnosis of progression. The 2- and 5-rear overall survival rates were $61\%\;and\;49\%$, respectively The a9e, sex, tumor location did not influence the survival but aggressive resection with combined chemotherapy showed better outcome. Among 9 survivors, complications were detected as radiation necrosis (n=1), hypopituitarism (n=2), cognitive defect(n=1), memory deficit (n=1), growth retardation (n=1). Conclusion : To improve the results of treatment of SPNET, maximal surgical resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy is necessary. The extended radiation field including craniospinal axis may reduce the recurrence in spinal axis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.420-427
• /
• 2010

A process for manufacturing virally-safe bovine amniotic membrane(BAM) has been developed for biological dressing. BAM was harvested from a healthy bovine placenta, and then the epithelium was removed. The remaining stromal layer was consecutively disinfected with 70% ethanol and 0.05% sodium hypochlorite. The stromal layer was incubated in a decellularization solution containing 0.25%(w/v) trypsin to remove the cellular components. The resulting acelluar BAM was lyophilized to preserve its biochemical and structural integrity. The BAM was packed and exposed to 25 kGy of gamma irradiation for sterilization purpose. Histological, electron microscopical, and biochemical observations showed that the acellualr BAM had intact structural integrity of three dimensional collagen fibers and contained several growth factors, accelerating wound healing, such as EGF (Epidermal growth factor), KGF (Keratinocyte growth factor), and FGF (Fibroblast growth factor). Bovine herpes virus (BHV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), and bovine parvovirus (BPV) were chosen as the biological indicators for validation of viral safety of the acellular BAM. Samples from relevant stages of the production process were spiked with each virus and subjected to viral inactivation processes. Viruses were recovered from the samples and then titrated immediately. All the viruses tested were completely inactivated to undetectable levels within 1 h of 70% ethanol treatment. Enveloped viruses such as BHV, BVDV, and BPIV-3 were more effectively inactivated than BPV by 0.05% sodium hypochlorite treatment. BHV, BVDV, and BPIV-3 were completely inactivated to undetectable levels by 25 kGy of gamma irradiation. Also BPV was effectively inactivated by 25 kGy of gamma irradiation. The cumulative log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, BPIV-3, and BPV were ${\geq}$13.30, ${\geq}$14.32, ${\geq}$15.22, and ${\geq}$7.57, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for acelluar BAM has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of the virus safety.

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
• /
• 2003.11a
• /
• pp.1058-1059
• /
• 2003

학동기(만 6-12세)에 좋은 영양 공급은 일생의 성장 발육의 기초를 조성하여 지적, 사회적, 정서적 능력을 향상시킬 수 있다. 이에 초등학생의 영양문제와 식습관을 해결하는 방안의 하나로 최근 대두되고 있는 아침결식률을 낮추기 위한 ‘아침 안 거르기’ 사업을 학교와 연계 개발하여 프로그램을 진행하고 그 효과를 평가하였다. 이 연구는 서울시 강북구 관내에 위치한 4개 초등학교 5학년 학생 1026명(실험군 451명, 대조군 675명)을 대상으로 4∼9월까지 6개월간 5단계로 실시되었다. 프로그램의 효과평가를 위해 사전(실험군-학생 428명, 부모 416명, 대조군-학생 656명, 부모 589명), 사후(실험군-학생 427명, 부모 368명, 대조군-학생 608명, 부모 558명) 설문조사를 2회 실시하여 행동과 인식률 변화를 측정하였다. 프로그램은 매월 1회 담임교사가 진행하였고, 교육자료 및 홍보물은 아침먹기 캐릭터 가방걸이와 학부모의 참여를 높이고자 가정통신문과 교육내용을 함께 삽입하여 제작한 알림장, 아침먹기와 일찍자기를 실천할 실천스티커를 배포하였고 프로그램 종료 후 아침 먹기 실천달력을 제공하였다. 또 아동들 자신의 식생활을 바르게 꾸려 나갈 수 있도록 가공식품의 ‘영양표시’에 관한 교육을 함께 교육하였고, 설문조사를 통해 영양표시제에 관한 인식변화와 행동변화율을 측정하였다. 학생들의 아침식사 실천율은 매일 먹는 그룹이 실험군은 62.9%에서 69.6%로 7% 상승하였고, 전혀 먹지 않는 그룹은 11.2%에서 6.4%로 4.8% 감소하였다(p<0.001) 대조군의 경우 매일 먹는 그룹은 70.4%에서 70.2%로, 전혀 먹지 않는 그룹은 6.9%에서 6.5%로 나타났다(p<0.001). 아침식사가 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 인식률 변화는 큰 영향이 있다고 답한 그룹이 실험군은 60.1%에서 64.8% (p<0.001)로, 대조군은 64.8%에서 57.2% (p<0.001)로 각각 변화하였다. 일찍 자기가 건강에 미치는 영향에 대한 인식률은 큰 영향이 있다고 답한 그룹이 실험군은 52.5%에서 70.7%(p<0.001), 대조군은 55.3%에서 60.2%로(p<0.001), 일찍 자기 실천에 대한 의지 변화는 11시 이전에 잘 계획이라는 그룹이 실험군은 31.9%에서 43.9%(p<0.001), 대조군은 35.5%에서 36.8%로 나타났다(p<0.001). 영양 표시에 관한 문항에서는 식품구매시 영양표시를 보고 구매한 경험이 없다는 군이 실험군에서는 58.2%에서 40.4%로 감소하였고(p<0.001), 대조군은 64%에서 53.6% (P<0.001)로 감소하였다. 영양소에 관한 지식 평가에서 짜지 않은 간식을 선택할 때 유의할 성분을 나트륨이라고 답한 그룹은 실험군은 31.7%에서 56.3%로, 대조군은 15.9%에서 23.0%로 나타나 그룹간 큰 차이를 보였다. 아침식사로 좋아하는 음식은 김치, 김치찌개, 밥, 피자, 고기, 빵, 된장찌개, 김, 햄, 계란후라이 순이었으며 싫어하는 아침음식은 피망, 고추, 양파, 김치, 시금치, 마늘, 콩, 파, 피자, 나물순으로 나타났다. 아침식사로 혼자서도 준비할 수 있는 음식은 밥, 라면, 계란후라이, 김치, 반찬, 볶음밥, 계란, 국, 햄, 씨리얼 순으로 나타났다. 부모의 인식률 변화는 가정내에 컴퓨터 설치장소로 적합하다고 생각되는 장소로 실험군의 경우 학생 방은 28.0%에서 21.6%로 6.4%감소하였고, 마루나 거실은 61.3%에서 66.0%로 5%증가하였다(p<0.001). 반면 대조군의 경우 학생 방은 28.8%에서 24.9%로 3.9% 감소, 마루나 거실은 63.4%에서 65.9%로 2.5%증가하여 실험군과 큰 차이를 보였다(p<0.001) 자녀의 늦은 취침시간과 아침식사에 관한 인식률 변화는 아침식사에 영향이 있다는 군은 실험군의 경우 78.1%에서 82.7%로 4.2% 증가하였고(p<0.05), 대조군의 경우 82.2%에서 80.5%로 감소하여 나타났다.(P<0.001) 연구결과 실험군의 경우 일주일 동안 아침을 전혀 먹지 않는 학생이 감소하고 매일 아침을 먹는 학생이 유의적으로 증가하여 아동의 아침식사 행동변화와 인식률 변화에 도움이 된 것으로 나타났다.