• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1086-1095
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• 2019

This research was performed to develop a new material consisting of a mixture of Red Allium cepa (RA) Cucurbita moschata duch (CM), and Angelica gigas Nakai (AG). RA and CM have low storage stability because of their high moisture content. Therefore, their major components were extracted and used for the research after a content analysis. In order to overcome these limitations, the quercetin from RA, ${\beta}-carotene$ from CM, and decursin/decursinol angelate (D/DA) from AG were separately extracted, and the biochemical activity of each extract and mixture was compared. RA was bioconverted by the Bacillus subtillis KJ-3 (BS3) after ethanol extraction. After bioconversion, the quercetin content of RA was increased by 128.9%. ${\beta}-carotene$ was detected in the CM ethanol extract and its content was very low concentrations at 0.2 mg/g. The AG ethanol extract (1 mg) contained 0.4146 mg and 0.3659 mg of D/DA, respectively. The purity of the D/DA was found to be about 78%. The flavonoid and polyphenol content of each extract and their mixtures (mixture 1 (RA:CM:AG = 5:2:3), mixture 2 (RA:CM: AG = 3:5:2), and mixture 3 (RA:CM:AG = 3:2:5)) were measured. In addition, the cell survival rate, anti-inflammatory activity, and antioxidant ability were also evaluated. In all the results, the antioxidant activity of mixture 3 was most effective. Therefore, these findings provide basic data for future food development using a 3:2:5 mixture of RA, CM, and AG.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2023

In the present study, we prepared hot water extracts and the subsequent organic solvent fractions of methanol extracts of Houttuynia cordata (HC) and Lespedeza cuneata (LC), and investigated their anti-inflammatory effects on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Among the treated samples, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl-acetate fractions of HC and LC inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. And, we analyzed the flavonoid contents of the ethyl-acetate fraction of HC and LC, and chose apigenin for the further experiments because apigenin was one of flavonoids commonly found in HC and LC. Apigenin dramatically inhibited NO production in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability and decreased iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. In addition, apigenin suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) indicating that apigenin exerts anti-inflammatory activity via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Subsequently, we conducted RNA-sequencing analysis to detect differentially expressed genes upon apigenin treatment. Among the down-regulated genes, four cytokine genes (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and colony stimulating factor 2 (CSF2)) were selected for the further analysis, and the reduction of their expression by apigenin was confirmed with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Overall, our results suggest that Houttuynia cordata and Lespedeza cuneata have the anti-inflammatory effects and apigenin can be the one of key molecules responsible for their anti-inflammatory activities.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2007

Licorice, Glycyrrhizae Radix is widely used as a herbal medicines and a dietary supplements in East Asia. We employed high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry to determine liquiritin and glycyrrhizin in the Glycyrrhizae Radix. Liquiritin and glycyrrhizin in Glycyrrhizae Radix were ionized by positive ion pneumatically assisted electrospray and detected by HPLC-MS/MS in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode using precursor ${\rightarrow}$ product ion combinations at m/z $436.2{\rightarrow}257.0$ and $823.4{\rightarrow}453.4$, respectively. The assay had a calibration range from 10 to 3,000 ng/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) of the liquiritin and glycyrrhizin were 0.4 ng/mL and 0.01 ng/mL, respectively. The reproducibility and repeatability (relative standard deviation) at different analyte concentrations varied from 103 to 113 % and 0.95 to 1.8 %, respectively. According to the above results, HPLC-MS/MS method permits assignment of tentative structures such as liquiritin and glycyrrhizin in the Glycyrrhizae Radix.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.91-99
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• 2009

This research were performed to evaluate co-incineration characteristics of sewage sludge and industrial waste in rotary kiln incinerator, and provide the fundamental data. Plastic portion (42.55%) in this industrial waste showed over 3 times higher than that (11.92%) of paper. Korean proximate analysis of the waste mixed with sewage sludge and industrial waste (3 : 7, volumetric basis) showed 16.3% of moisture, 70.5% of volatile solids, and 13.2% of ash, respectively. Low heating value of the mixed waste was 4,513kcal/kg. So it was thought that the mixed waste of sewage sludge and industrial waste (containing 43% of plastics and 12% papers) has enough heating value for co-incineration. The incineration of mixed waste showed the lowest SOx and NOx concentrations at $700^{\circ}C$. However, the operation at $950^{\circ}C$ was feasible in considering dioxin and the other hazardous gases. It was concluded that use of $Ca(OH)_2$ should be under investigation for the operation at $950^{\circ}C$.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.282-292
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• 2015

Seeds of colored rice generally have high anthocyanin and flavonoid content but some cultivars have low seed germination rate. This defect poses unstable seedling establishment in nursery bed. The seed gravity variations of 10 colored rice varieties and its effect on germination, seed soaking duration and their optimum seeding rates for seedling raising in machine transplanting were investigated in the experiment. Based on seed gravity distribution of the 7 black- and 3 red-colored rice varieties at three levels of seed gravity (1.0<, 1.0~1.06, 1.06>), the black colored seeds such as Josaengheugchal and Sinmyungheugchal had high amount of specific gravity of below 1.0 ranging from 86~ 96%, while they had only 3~13% of seeds in specific gravity above 1.06. Sintoheugmi, Heugjinju, Heugnam, Heugkwang had various mass of seeds, showing 29~44% for specific gravity of below 1.0, 24~39% for 1.0~1.06 and 25~45% for above 1.06. On the other hand, the red colored rice such as Hongjinju, Jeogjinju and Geonkanghongmi had high percentage of specific gravity of above 1.06 with 84~86% while they had only 9~12% of specific gravity below 1.0 similar to Ilmibyeo of noncolored rice. The black colored seed generally showed low germination percentage, slow germination speed and long mean germination time, and low water absorption rate as compared with seed of the red colored rice which was similar to those of Ilmibyeo used as a control cultivar. The black colored seeds took 2~4 days longer seed soaking duration than the red colored rice before germination. This was related to high seed amount of specific gravity below 1.0 in black colored rices. The high amount of seed gravity above 1.06 in the colored rice seeds was positively correlated with percentage of germination, germination speed and mean germination time, ripened grain ratio and water absorption. Seed gravity distribution effect were less pronounced between back- and red- colored seeds in seedling emergence. The black colored rice has slightly lower normal seedling emergence rate than the red colored rice and Ilmibyeo in the seedbed soil due to high percentage of ungerminated seed. Normal seedling emergence rate of the black colored rice in the seedbed was 75.2~82.2% for 10-day old seedling and 85.3~ 90.9% for 30-day old seedling which was lower by 4.5~ 8.0% and 0~3.3%, respectively, than the red colored rice. Based on the normal seedling number per tray of Ilmibyeo for seeding rate of 10-day and 30-day old seedlings, the recommended seeding rate of black colored rice is 200~ 220g seeds for the 10-day old seedling and 110~130g for the 30-day old seedling in transplanting rice while the seeding rate of the red colored rice was 220g seeds for the 10-day old seedling and 130g for the 30-day old seedling.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

In order to investigate the possibility of waste logs after oak mushroom production as a source of an alternative energy and to obtain the fundamental data of supercritical water hydrolysis that has been paid attention as a new saccharification method of lignocellulosics, supercritical water hydrolysis of normal log woods (Quercus acutissima Carruth) and waste logs was carried out. With the increase of reaction time and temperature, the color of the degradation products has been dark and the degradation rate and the crystalline index increased. However the increase of reaction pressure affected the color of the degradation products and the degradation rate at only low reaction temperature. In the early stage of the reaction, the degradation of hemicellulose was progressed, while in the late stage, the cellulose was degraded. The increase of reaction time and reaction temperature (less than $415^{\circ}C$) improved the sugar yield, while at high temperature(more than $415^{\circ}C$), the sugar yield was decreased. Based on the result of the sugar yield, the optimal hydrolysis condition of Q. acutissima Carruth by supercritical water was determined to be $415^{\circ}C$, 60 seconds and 230 pressure bar with the sugar yield of 2.68% (w/w). At the optimal condition, the supercritical water hydrolysis of waste logs after the mushroom production was carried out and the sugar yield was increased to 358% (w/w). The major degradation products of waste logs by supercritical water hydrolysis were 1,1'-oxybis-benzene and 1,2-benzendicarboxylic acid by the GC-MS analysis. At the reaction condition with low degradation rate, the fatty acids such as pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-heptadecanoic acid were identified. With the increase of the reaction temperature and time, the amounts of phenol and benzene were increased, but the reaction pressure did not affect the kinds of degradation products. Holocellulose content was 60.6~79.2% in the water insoluble residue and the monosaccharide yield of the water insoluble residue was 49.2~675% by the acid hydrolysis. The monosaccharide yield of water-soluble portion was increased largely by the second hydrolysis using dilute acid.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate dietary effects of Marigold extract on laying performance, egg quality, oxidative stability of egg yolk and lutein transfer into chicken eggs. A total of one-hundred eighty nine 55-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were divided into seven groups and fed control diet or each experimental diet containing 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% Marigold extract. Egg production, egg weight and daily egg mass were not affected by dietary treatments. The yolk colors in groups fed diets containing Marigold extract were significantly higher than that of control. The Haugh unit were tended to be improved by feeding of diets containing Marigold extract although there were no significant difference in egg shell strength and thickness. The MDA (malondialdehyde) contents in groups fed diets containing Marigold extract above 0.5% were significantly reduced than that of control. After 14d of storage, the Haugh unit values in groups feed diets containing 0.3 and 1.0% Marigold extract were significantly higher than that of control (p<0.05). The concentration of lutein in egg yolk increased by feeding of Marigold extract. When 2% Marigold extract was supplemented to the diet, lutein content of egg was increased as much as 1.71 mg/60 g. These results indicated that the use of Marigold extract in layer diets was effective in egg quality and for the production of lutein fortified eggs.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 2008

Five environment-friendly farm materials including $Chitomate^{(R)}$, $Diegyun^{(R)}$, IC-$66D^{(R)}$, Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$, and $Biospot^{(R)}$ were examined for their growth inhibition effect of the 7 fungal pathogens of grape in vitro. $Diegyun^{(R)}$, being composed of natural ingredients which are extracted from a plant, was the most effective in suppression of mycelial growth of the fungi. $Diegyun^{(R)}$ inhibited the mycelial growth of all of fungi over 75% at $2,500{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ on potato dextrose agar(PDA) except Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 04-159. Growth inhibition effect of $Chitomate^{(R)}$, being composed of the chitosan, varied depending on the fungal pathogens on PDA. It inhibited the mycelial growth of the Botrytis cinerea 06-063 at the rate of 75.8% at $40,000{\mu}g{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ on PDA while it inhibited the mycelial growth of the C. gloeosporioides 04-159 at the rate of 6.5%. IC-$66D^{(R)}$ and Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$ are two different formula of the Bordeaux mixture, showed different control effects on mycelial growth inhibition. Except of Acremonium sp. the growth inhibition of IC-$66D^{(R)}$ was a little higher than Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$. $Biospot^{(R)}$, a chlorine formula, showed the strongest growth inhibition on C. gloeosporioides 04-159 among the farm materials used. Inhibition of spore germination of $Chitomate^{(R)}$, $Biospot^{(R)}$ and Gold $Bordo^{(R)}$ was higher than mycelial growth inhibition for Pseudocercospora vitis 04-152. The results suggest that the different types of environment-friendly farm materials are needed for different disease control in organic grape farm.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2003

This study was carried out to find the preventive medical and therapeutic effects of Sarcodon asparatus on adult disease by employing several biological and biochemical assays. Nitrate scavenging ability(NSA) of Sarcodan asparatus extracts was displayed up to 99.9% at pH 1.2 in a dose-dependent manner. They also had 90.4% electron donating ability(EDA) at the concentration of 0.1 mg/mL. Extracts of Sarcodon asparatus were also able to function as a powerful antioxidant at all concentrations(0.01∼l.0 mg/mL). Furthermore, we observed that 1 mg/mL concentration of the extracts was more powerful than BHT, With respect to fibrolytic activity, Sarcodon asparatus showed 1,843.8 unit/g, which was higher than streptokinase(1,189 unit/g). The inhibitory effects of the extracts on angiotensin converting enzyme, measured by the normal and pretreatment methods, were 53 and 58%, respectively. We also performed cytotoxicity effect of Sarcodon asparatus extracts on a various cancer cell lines. The growth inhibitory effects of the extracts(5.0 mg/mL) on A549, HeLa, AGS, and SK-Hep-1 cells were 78.9, 55.3, 69.0, and 42.5 %, respectively. Interestingly, Sarcodon asparatusextracts induced mutation on Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 when Ames test was done.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.250-261
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to examine the fermentation properties of yogurt with Lycii fructus, Lycii folium and Lycii cortex powder, and extract additives at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 6.0%. Lactic acid bacteria was used in a mixed starter culture of Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus(ST36) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus(LB12). When the boxthorn was added with extract types, the changes of pH, acidity and lactic acid bacteria counts of yogurt during the fermenation of 3 hours were pH 5.64, titratable acidity 0.85%, 5.80xl0$\^$6/cfu/ml of viable cell counts for control yogurt, whereas those were pH 4.10∼5.06, titratable acidity 0.98∼1.27%, 1.80∼9.60x10$\^$7/ cfu/ml of viable cell counts for Lycii fructus extract yogurt. The lactose hydrolysis ratio was better for 1.0% Lycii fructus extract yogurt(42.00%) and 1.0% Lycii folium extract yogurt(41.46%) than for control yogurt(28.40%). Also, content of lactic acid of 1.0% Lycii fructus(11.9 times) and 1.0% Lycii folium extract yogurt(10.6 times) produced more than control yogurt(7.3 times). The viscosity of yogurt was better for boxthorn extract yogurt(1,027∼1,382 cps) than for control yogurt(975cps). The sensory scores of color, taste and overall acceptability of yogurt with 0.5, and 1.0% Lycii fructus extract additive were better than other groups. The yogurts made with increased Lycii fructus extract concentration(0.5∼6.0%), showed the increase of lactic acid, titratable acidity, number of lactic acid bacteria, viscosity and lactose hydrolysis rate compared to the treatments of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0% Lycii folium and Lycii cortex extract and powder yogurt. We gained excellent results from the yogurt to which Lycii fructus extract was added with 0.51.0% concentration.