• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.3 s.272
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• pp.180-192
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• 2007

Background: As determined from the recent investigations of discordant cardiac xenotransplantation, hyperacute rejection occurs mainly at the endothelial cells in donor microvascular systems, but this does not occur at cardiac valve leaflets or at medium-to-large caliber vessels. On the basis of this background, this study was performed to look into the biocompatibility for transplantation of a middle or large diameter xenogenic blood vessel by conducting xenogenic arterial transplantation with the carotid artery in a pig-to-goat model. Material and Method: The experimental group was composed of 10 pairs of pig-to-goat combinations. They were divided into each period of 1 week, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Four carotid artery grafts obtained through collection of the bilateral carotid arteries from two pigs were preserved at $-70^{\circ}C$ without other treatment, and then they were transplanted into the bilateral carotid arteries of two goats. Doppler ultrasonography was done on a periodic basis after transplantation to evaluate the patency of the grafted blood vessel. At the ends of a predetermined period, the grafts were explanted from the goats and they underwent gross examination. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining were conducted. In addition, in order to examine the immunological rejection of the grafted xenogenic blood vessel, immunohistochemical staining was conducted with T-lymphocyte indicator and von Willebrand factor. Result: Two goats at the each one-week period and the one-year period died during the experimental period because of a reason unrelated to the experimental procedure, and the remaining 8 goats survived until the end of each experiment period. On Doppler ultrasonography, unilateral carotid artery occlusion was found in a goat, whose period was specified as 3 months, among the 8 survived goats. However, the vascular patency was maintained well and there was no graft that formed aneurysms in the other goats. On gross examination, the region of vascular anastomosis was preserved well, and calcification of the grafted blood vessel was not shown. Histologically, the endothelial cells of the graft disappeared one week after transplantation, and then there was progressive spread of the recipients' endothelial cells from the anastomotic site. The reendothelialization occurred over the whole graft at one month after transplantation. The neointimal thickening and adventitial inflammation became severe by 3 months after transplantation, but this lessened at 6 months and 12 months, respectively. The rate of CD3 positive cells was very low among the infiltrated inflammatory cells. Conclusion: The fresh-frozen xenogenic artery kept its patency without being greatly influenced by xenogenic immune reaction.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.309-322
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• 2018

Naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) occurs in rocks and soils as a result of natural weathering and human activities. It is proved that inhalation of asbestos fibers can lead to increase risk of developing several diseases such as lung cancer and malignant mesothelioma. The parent rocks of asbestos have been mainly associated with (ultra)mafic and carbonate rock. The previous studies on NOA were mainly limited to (ultra)mafic rock-hosted asbestos, but studies on carbonate rock-hosted asbestos are relatively rare in S. Korea. Therefore, this study was aimed to examine mineralogical characteristics of carbonate rock-hosted NOA at three sites including Muju and Jangsu, Jeonbuk province and Asan, Chungnam province. Types of rocks at the three sites mainly consisted of Precambrian metasedimentary rocks, carbonate rock, and Cretaceous and Jurassic granites. Asbestos-containing carbonate rock samples were obtained for mineralogical characterization. XRD, PLM, EPMA, SEM and EDS analyses were used to characterize mineralogical characteristics of the carbonate rock-hosted NOA. From the carbonate rock, fibrous minerals were occurred acicular and columnar forms in the three sites. Fibrous minerals were composed of mainly tremolite and associated minerals included possibly asbestos containing materials (ACM) such as talc, vermiculite, and sepiolite. The length and aspect ratios of tremolite were similar to the standard asbestiform (length >$5{\mu}m$, length:width = 3:1). These results indicate that both non-asbestiform and asbestiform tremolite with acicular forms occurred in carbonate rocks at three sites. Geological and geochemical characteristics and mineral assemblages indicate tremolite and associated minerals might be formed by hydrothermal alternation and/or hydrothermal veins of carbonate rocks due to intrusion of acidic igneous rocks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1201-1211
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• 2018

The study compared the anti-aging, anti-adipogenesis, and anti-tumor effects of epigallocatechin-3- gallate (EGCG) in various cancer cell lines (SNU-601, MKN74, AGS, MCF-7, U87-MG, and A-549) and normal cell lines (MRC-5 fibroblasts, dental tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells [DSC], and 3T3-L1 pro-adipocytes). Half inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in normal cell lines (~50 uM), when compared to that in cancer cell lines (~10 uM). For anti-aging effects, MRC-5 and DSC were exposed to 10 uM EGCG for up to five passages that did not display any growth arrest. Population doubling time and senescence-related ${\beta}-galactosidase$ ($SA-{\beta}-gal$) activity in treated cells were similar to untreated cells. For anti-adipogenic effects, mouse 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were induced to adipocytes in an adipogenic differentiation medium containing 10 uM EGCG, but adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells was not inhibited by EGCG treatment. For anti-tumor effects, the cancer cell lines were treated with 10 uM EGCG. PDT was significantly (p<0.05) increased in EGCG-treated SNU-601, AGS, MCF-7, and U87-MG cancer cell lines, except in MKN74 and A-549. The level of telomerase activity and cell migration capacity were significantly (p<0.05) reduced, while $SA-{\beta}-gal$ activity was highly up-regulated in EGCG treated-cancer cell lines, when compared to that in untreated cancer cell lines. Our results have demonstrated that EGCG treatment induces anti-tumor effects more efficiently as noted by decreased cell proliferation, cell migration, telomerase activity, and increased $SA-{\beta}-gal$ activity than inducing anti-aging and anti-adipogenesis. Therefore, EGCG at a specific concentration can be considered for a potential anti-tumor drug.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.396-400
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• 2009

Dodok (Codonopsis lanceolata Bench. et Hook) root contains abundant pharmaceutical substances and is widely used as a food and a medicinal herb. To identify the major components, fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was analyzed for its chemical compositions prior to their pharmaceutical substances, which were used as the fundamental data. The contents of carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid and ash are 79.3%, 13.0%, 2.40% and 5.3%, respectively. The calories of fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 390.5 kcal. Total dietary fiber was 47.4% of total carbohydrates. The protein was composed of 18 different amino acids. The contents of essential and non-essential amino acids were 8,118.18 mg and 10,913.42 mg. The K was the largest mineral followed by P, Ca and Mg, which means fermented Codonopsis lanceolata is alkali material. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 37.76%, 3.84%, and 35.64%, respectively. Therefore, the amount of the total unsaturated fatty acid was higher than that of any other plant. The content of crude saponin in fermented Codonopsis lanceolata was 60.1 mg/g. It is expected that a follow up study on fermented Codonopsis lanceolata through development and evaluation of processed foods for their functional properties would provide useful information as a source of medicinal foods.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.643-653
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• 2003

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) / FGF receptor (FGFR) mediated signaling is required for skeletogenesis in cluding intramembranous and endochondral ossifications Runx2 ($Cbfa1/Pebp2{\alpha}A/AML3$) is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Murine calvaria and mandible are concurrently undergoing both intramembranous bone and cartilage formations in the early developmental stage. However the mechanism by which these cartilage formations are regulated remains unclear. To elucidate the effect of FGF signaling on development of cranial sutural cartilage and Meckel's cartilage and to understand the role of Runx2 in these process, we have done both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Alcian blue staining showed that cartilage formation in sagittal suture begins from embryonic stage 16 (E16), Meckel's cartilage formation in mandible from E12. We analyzed by in situ hybridization the characteristics of cartilage cells that type II collagen, not type X collagen, was expressed in sagittal sutural cartilage and Meckel's cartilage. In addition, Runx2 was not expressed in Meckel's cartilage as well as sagittal sutural cartilage, except specific expression pattern only surrounding both cartilages. FGF signaling pathway was further examined in vitro. Beads soaked in FGF2 placed on the sagittal suture and mandible inhibited both sutural and Meckel's cartilage formations. We next examined whether Runx2 gene lies in FGF siganling pathway during regulation of cartilage formation. Beads soaked in FGF2 on sagittal suture induced Runx2 gene expression. These results suggest that FGF signaling inhibits formations of sagittal sutural and Meckel's cartilages, also propose that FGF siganling is involved in the proliferation and differentiation of chondroblasts through regulating the transcription factor Runx2.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.307-312
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• 1984

The dried pure shells deprived of soft tissues were subjected to analysis of chitin-protein complexes from 5 species of marine crustaceans, including 2 species of crabs and 3 species of shrimps. The protein fractions were obtained from chitin-protein complexes under the varying conditions of extractions and the crude chitin was prepared from the shells by the sulfurous acid process. The crude chitin was purified through the extraction with several organic solvents such as dimethyl-acetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone. The purified chitin was also examined using the phase contrast microscope. Total protein contents of the shells were diverse, showing 9.6% for Portunus trituberculatus, 3.1%, Charybdis bimaculata, 9.4%, Penaeus japonicus, 10.9%, Metapenaeus intermedius and 5.8%, Squilla oratoria. Covalently bound protein varied with species from 2.1% for Charybdis bimaculata to 9.9% for Metapenaeus intermedius. The puified chitin contents of the shells were shown to 21.1% for Portunus tritube rculatus, 6.2%, Charybdis bimaculata, 20.2%, Penaeus japonicus, 27.1%, Metapenaeus intermedius and 25.5%, Squilla oratoria. Exceptionally low analytical value obtained with Charybdis bimaculata are supposed to be due to the very young subjects. The ratios of chitin to covalently bound protein in the shells were various such as 2.7 to 1 for Portunus trituberculatus, Penaeus japonicus and Metapenaeus intermedius, 3.1 to 1, Charybdis bimaculata and 6.1 to 1, Squilla oratoria. The microscope finding of the purified chitin showed the filamentous form in all the specimen.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.768-775
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• 2005

Lentinus edodes powder was added at 1-3%(w/w) to improve functional properties of jocheong. Content of crude protein, ash, crude lipids, total mineral, free sugar and reducing sugar increased with increasing amount of L. edodes powder, while viscosity and solid and carbohydrate contents decreased. Through amino acid analysis, 17 amino acids were identified and quantified, glutamic acid being the major amino acid. No significant differences were observed in fatty acid composition and pH between control and L. edodes powder-added jocheong. Addition of mushroom powder in jocheong decreased lightness, yellowness and redness in Hunter's color value. Sensor score of jucheong containing 1% of L. edodes powder was similar to that of control. Results showed jocheong containing less than 2% L. edodes powder gave highest scores in quality characteristics and sensory evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 1982

Chungkook-jang Koji was fermented with rice straw at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. The changes of proximate composition, pH, titrable acidity, nitrogen compounds, protease activity and free-amino acids during the fermentation were investigated. Moisture, lipid and protein contents remained essentially unchanged during the fermentation. The pH was gradually increased from 6.4 to 7.46 and 7.82 at $40^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$, respectively, after 72 hour fermentation. Amino type and water soluble nitrogen increased as fermentation progressed. however, the former slightly decreased after 60 hour fermentation. Chungkook-jang fermented at $40^{\circ}C$ showed somewhat higher protease activity than $50^{\circ}C$. However, protease activity at both fermentation temperatures showed the same trend; that is, it increased until 48 hour fermentation and thereafter decrease. Free amino acid content of Chung-kook-jang after 72 hour fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ was 6 times greater than that of the steamed soybean, while it was 2.5 times greater at $50^{\circ}C$. Based on these results. it seems that the optimum fermentation conditions for Chungkook-jang were $40^{\circ}C$ and 72 hours.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.377-390
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• 1995

This study was to investigate the consumption pattern and nutrition knowledge about vegetables of 184 housewives attending the school of adult and continuing education attached to DukSung Women's University. The results were summarized as follows; the average vegetable expenses were $10,000{\sim}20,000$ won per week. The frequency of purchasing vegetables was $2{\sim}3$ times a week. Respondents usually bought the vegetables at local markets and supermarkets. As for buying vegetables, all of respondents kept in mind all the time the organic vegetables were better. The price was the most important factor of their purchase in the low income households. In the family, the vegetable dishes were favored by housewives most and by sons least. Among the vegetable cooking methods, Kimchi was the most frequently used and salad was the least. Forty four percent of the respondents experienced purchasing ready made vegetable dishes in the market. The reason they bought ready made ones was the special taste of the dishes. The rest of respondents never bought cooked vegetable dishes because they thought the dishes unsanitary. Twenty seven percent of the respondents experienced purchasing. The reason for not purchasing Kimchi was the housewives' traditional prejudice of buying Kimchi in the market. Respondents have a considerable knowledge that 42 kinds of vegetables could be good for certain disease and 10 kinds of vegetables might be harmful for certain disease.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2021

In this study, the effect of forage sources in the total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro goat rumen fermentation was investigated. Rice straw (RS), Italian ryegrass (IRG), timothy (TIM), and alfalfa (ALF) were used as forage sources. Each forage source was mixed with a commercial goat concentrate diet in the ratio of 1:1. Total 4 TMR were prepared. Rumen simulated in vitro fermentation using goat rumen fluid collected from the slaughterhouse was conducted until 72^th. For fermentation parameters, gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) were examined. All assays were performed at 24^th, 48^th, and 72^th h of incubation individually. Contents of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrate were greater in the order of RS < IRG < TIM < ALF. Significant treatment effects were found in valerate and NH₃-N at 24^th h of incubation (p<0.05). ALF showed the greatest contents of them and RS was the lowest. At 48^th incubation, a significant effect was detected at GP (p<0.05) and RS was greater than others. However, GP of RS was lower than others at 72^th. Significant effects on Total VFA, butyrate, and valerate productions were found at 72^th h of incubation (p<0.05). ALF showed the greatest production. Methane production from all treatments was not significantly different for each incubation time (p>0.05). The present study provided primary information on how goat rumen fermentation responds to different nutrient contents and forage sources of TMR. And the information could be used for the design or optimizing economical diet formulation for goats.