Time-related Histopathologic Changes of Fresh Frozen Vascular Xenograft in Pig-to-goat Model

돼지-염소 모델에서 신선 동결된 이종 경동맥 이식편의 시간 경과에 따른 조직병리학적 변화

  • Chang, Ji-Min (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University) ;
  • Kim, Won-Gon (Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Heart Research Institute)
  • 장지민 (인제대학교 상계백병원 흉부외과) ;
  • 김원곤 (서울대학교 흉부외과, 심장연구소)
  • Published : 2007.03.05

Abstract

Background: As determined from the recent investigations of discordant cardiac xenotransplantation, hyperacute rejection occurs mainly at the endothelial cells in donor microvascular systems, but this does not occur at cardiac valve leaflets or at medium-to-large caliber vessels. On the basis of this background, this study was performed to look into the biocompatibility for transplantation of a middle or large diameter xenogenic blood vessel by conducting xenogenic arterial transplantation with the carotid artery in a pig-to-goat model. Material and Method: The experimental group was composed of 10 pairs of pig-to-goat combinations. They were divided into each period of 1 week, and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Four carotid artery grafts obtained through collection of the bilateral carotid arteries from two pigs were preserved at $-70^{\circ}C$ without other treatment, and then they were transplanted into the bilateral carotid arteries of two goats. Doppler ultrasonography was done on a periodic basis after transplantation to evaluate the patency of the grafted blood vessel. At the ends of a predetermined period, the grafts were explanted from the goats and they underwent gross examination. Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining were conducted. In addition, in order to examine the immunological rejection of the grafted xenogenic blood vessel, immunohistochemical staining was conducted with T-lymphocyte indicator and von Willebrand factor. Result: Two goats at the each one-week period and the one-year period died during the experimental period because of a reason unrelated to the experimental procedure, and the remaining 8 goats survived until the end of each experiment period. On Doppler ultrasonography, unilateral carotid artery occlusion was found in a goat, whose period was specified as 3 months, among the 8 survived goats. However, the vascular patency was maintained well and there was no graft that formed aneurysms in the other goats. On gross examination, the region of vascular anastomosis was preserved well, and calcification of the grafted blood vessel was not shown. Histologically, the endothelial cells of the graft disappeared one week after transplantation, and then there was progressive spread of the recipients' endothelial cells from the anastomotic site. The reendothelialization occurred over the whole graft at one month after transplantation. The neointimal thickening and adventitial inflammation became severe by 3 months after transplantation, but this lessened at 6 months and 12 months, respectively. The rate of CD3 positive cells was very low among the infiltrated inflammatory cells. Conclusion: The fresh-frozen xenogenic artery kept its patency without being greatly influenced by xenogenic immune reaction.

배경: 최근 이종 심장 이식에서 이종항원 및 항체로 인한 초급성 또는 급성 거부반응이 중 또는 대구경의 혈관이나 판막에서는 일어나지 않는다는 보고들이 있다. 이는 이런 부위에서 이종 항원의 발현이 다른 부위보다 낮고 내피세포에 미치는 전단력이 크기 때문인 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 이들 보고를 바탕으로 돼지-염소 모델에서 중 또는 대구경의 혈관에 해당하는 경동맥을 이용한 이종 동맥 이식을 시행하고 정해진 기간 경과 후 이식편을 적출하여 이종 이식 혈관의 생체 내 중, 장기 개통성 및 조직병리학적 변화 양상을 관찰하여 이종 혈관 이식의 생체 내 장기 적합성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 10쌍의 돼지-염소 조합을 실험군으로 하여 1주, 1개월, 3개월, 6개월 및 12개월의 정해진 기간으로 나누어 각 기간마다 2마리의 돼지에서 양측 경동맥을 채취하여 얻은 4개의 경동맥편을 다른 처리를 하지 않고 $-70^{\circ}C$에서 보존한 후 2마리의 염소의 양측 경동맥에 각각 이식하였다. 보존 기간은 2일에서 7일로 대부분 7일 이내에 동물 실험을 시행하였다. 이식 후 주기적인 도플러 초음파 검사로 개통성을 평가하였고, 정해진 기간이 경과한 후에 염소에서 이식된 혈관 도관을 적출하여 관찰한 후 hematoxylin-eosin과 Masson's trichrome 염색을 시행하였다. 또한 T 임파구 표식자와 von Willebrand factor에 대한 면역화학염색을 시행하였다. 결과: 실험군 중 1주와 1년으로 정해진 2마리의 염소가 실험 과정과는 무관한 이유로 사망하였고, 나머지 8마리가 실험 종료시점까지 생존하였다. 생존한 8마리의 염소 가운데 3개월로 지정된 염소에서 일측 경동맥의 폐색이 발견되었으나 나머지 염소에서는 혈관의 개통성이 잘 유지되었으며, 동맥류를 형성한 이식편은 없었다. 정해진 기간 별로 적출하여 관찰하였을 때 혈관 문합부위는 잘 보존되어 있었고, 석회화는 관찰되지 않았다. 조직학적 검사에서 이식편의 혈관 내피세포는 이식 1주 후에는 소실되어 있었고, 1개월째에는 수용체인 염소의 내피세포로 재세포화 되는 양상을 보였다. 중막 및 외막에도 염증반응과 함께 수여자의 섬유아세포 및 근섬유아세포가 침윤되는 양상을 보였다. 재내피세포화 과정은 양측 문합 부위에서 시작하여 이식된 혈관의 중간 부위로 진행되는 양상이었으며, vWF에 대한 면역조직화학 염색을 통해 이식 후 1개월에 이식편의 전체에 걸쳐 재내피세포화가 이루어졌음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 신생 내막의 비후와 외막의 염증반응이 이식 후 3개월까지 심하였으나 그 이후에는 감소된 양상을 보였다. 이식 편에서 T 임파구 표식자인 CD3 양성인 세포들의 비율은 매우 낮았다. 결론: 신선 동결된 이종 동맥은 조직학적으로 이종 면역 반응에 큰 영향을 받지 않고 생체 내에서 장기 개통성을 유지하였다.

Keywords

References

  1. Parker W, Saadi S, Lin SS, Holzknecht ZE, Bustos M, Platt JL. Transplantation of discordant xenografts: a challenge revisited. Immunol Today 1996;17:373-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(96)10028-1
  2. Bach FH, Winkler H, Ferran C, Hancock WW, Robson SC. Delayed xenograft rejection. Immunol Today 1996;17:379-84 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-5699(96)10024-4
  3. Sharma A, Okabe J, Birch P, et al. Reduction in the level of Gal (aloha1, 3) Gal in transgenic mice and pigs by the expression of an alpha (1, 2) fucosyltransferase. Proc natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:7190-5
  4. Byrne GW, McCurry KR, Kagan D, et al. Protection of xenogeneic cardiac endothelium from human complement by expression of CD59 or DAF in transgenic mice. Transplantation 1995;60:1149-56 https://doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199511270-00016
  5. Lambrigts D, Van Calster P, Xu Y, et al. Pharmacologic immunosuppressive therapy and extracorporeal immunoadsorption in the suppression of anti-? Gal antibody in the baboon. Xenotransplantation 1998;5:274-83 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.1998.tb00038.x
  6. Cooper DK, Koren E, Oriol R. Oligosaccharides and discordant xenotransplantation. Immunol Rev 1994;141:31-58 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.1994.tb00871.x
  7. Schmoeckel M, Bhatti FN, Zaidi A, et al. Orthotopic heart transplantation in a transgenic pig-to-primate model. Trans plantation 1998;65:1570-7
  8. Xu H, Gundry SR, Hancock WW, et al. Prolonged discordant xenograft survival and delayed xenograft rejection in a pig-to-baboon orthotopic cardiac xenograft model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:1342-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)70218-1
  9. Chen RH, Kadner AL, Mitchell RN. Fresh porcine cardiac valves are not rejected in primates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:1216-20 https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2000.106526
  10. Chen RH, Mitchell RN, Kadner A, Adams DH. Differential galactose $\alpha$(1,3) galactose expression by porcine cardiac vascular endothelium. Xenotransplantation 1999;6:169-72 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3089.1999.00024.x
  11. Chiu JJ, Chen LJ, Chang SF, et al. Shear stress inhibits smooth muscle cell-induced inflammatory gene expression in endothelial cells Role of NF-$_{\kappa}B$. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:963-9 https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000159703.43374.19
  12. Macchiarini P, Oriol R, Azimzadeh A. Evidence of human non-$\alpha$-galactosyl antibodies involved in the hyperacute rejection of pig lungs and their removal by pig organ perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:831-43 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5223(98)00447-4
  13. Friedman T, Shimizu A, Smith RN. Human CD4+ T cells mediate rejection of porcine xenografts. J Immunol 1999; 162:5256-62
  14. Nataf P, Guettier C, Nappi F. Influence of arterial allograft preparation techniques on chronic vascular rejection. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2890-92
  15. Castier Y, Leseche G, Palombi T. Early experience with cryopreserved arterial allografts in below-knee revascularization for limb salvage. Am J Surg 1999;177:197-202 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(99)00010-0
  16. Chiesa R, Astore D, Piccolo G. Fresh and cryopreserved arterial homografts in the treatment of prosthetic graft infections: experience of the italian collaborative vascular homograft group. Ann Vasc Surg 1998;12:457-62 https://doi.org/10.1007/s100169900184
  17. Solanes N, Rigol M, Castella M. Cryopreservation alters antigenicity of allografts in a porcine model of transplant vasculopathy. Transplant Proc 2004;36:3288-94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.10.053
  18. Mesa F, Serra JM, Herreros J. Vascular cryopreservation in microsurgery. J Reconstr Microsurg 1997;13:245-50 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1000231
  19. Faggioli GL, Gargiulo M, Giardino R. Long-term cryopreservation of autologous veins in rabbits. Cardiovasc Surg 1994;2:259-65
  20. Ku DD, Willis WL, Caulifield JB. Retention of endotheliumdependent vasodilatory responses in canine coronary arteries following cryopreservation. Cryobiology 1990;27:511-20 https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90039-7
  21. Pascual G, Martinez S, Rodriguez M. Patency and structural changes in cryopreserved arterial grafts used as vessel substitutes in the rat. J Surg Res 2005;124:297-304 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2004.10.016
  22. Osako M, Otani H, Yamamura Y. Alloimmune response may be involved in neointimal hyperplasia in cryopreserved aortic allografts. Transplant Proc 2001;33:2566-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-1345(01)02100-5
  23. Libby P, Pober JS. Chronic Rejection. Immunity 2001;14: 87-97
  24. Mitchell RN. Allograft arteriopathy pathogenesis update. Cardiovasc Pathol 2004;13:33-40