• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.303-336
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• 2003

Incorporation of an arbitration clause by reference to other documents occurs in many international business transactions. The reference is either to another document that contains arbitration clause or to trading rules which contain the arbitration clause, without the main contract mentioning that arbitration has been agreed upon. In fact, incorporation by reference in to a contract of an arbitration clause set forth in another agreement is deemed valid in any number of circumstances, even when the parties to the two contractual instruments are not the same. Difficulties arise when, instead of an express arbitration provision, a contract contains a clause which refers to the trading rules of a certain trade association, so-called external arbitration clause. The U.S. courts which will presume that the parties intended to arbitrate under a particular set of rules when they expressly mentioned arbitration in their agreement, have sometimes refused to enforce contract clauses that do no more than refer to particular trading rules, even if these rules contain provisions binding the parties to arbitrate their disputes. The courts in such cases tend to be careful in determinig whether intent to arbitrate is present. In maritime contracts, the arbitration clause in a charter party is often referred to in the bill of lading. Such reference usually is held binding upon the parties to the contract of carriage, their knowledge of such practice being presumed. A nonsignatory may compell arbitration against a party to an arbitration agreement when that party has entered into a separate contractual relationship with the nonsignatory which incorporates the existing arbitration clause. If a party's arbitration clause is expressly incorporated into a bill of lading, nonsignatories … who are linked to that bill … may be bound to the arbitration agreement of others. An arbitration clause in a charterparty will be incorporated into a bill of lading if either - (a) there are specific words of incorporation in the bill, and the arbitration clause is so worded as to make sense in the context of the bill, and the clause dose not conflict with the express terms of the bill; or (b) there are general words of incorporation in the bill, and the arbitration clause or some other provision in the charter makes it clear that the clause is to govern disputes under the bill as well as under the charter. In all other cases, the arbitration clause is not incorporated into the bill.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제68권
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• pp.1-21
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to propose a new mechanism for the global transmission of electronic trade documents and to promote them using it. Trade settlement methods are changed from L/C bases to non-L/C bases and in particular, the telegraphic transfer is dramatically increased since mid 1990. But the status of transmission of electronic trade documents still rely on the letter of credit and bill of lading. So it need to change the process of transmission of electronic trade documents utilizing non-negotiable sea waybill instead of bill of lading. In this study, I pointed out two problems as obstacle factors in global transmission of electronic trade documents. First is the system connection problem between domestic and foreign banks and second is the electronic right transfer problem in the bill of lading. Electronic bill of lading has already been made, but are not used and e-Nego has also not been activated under the above issues. Therefore, it should be solved previously the above problems for the global transmission of electronic trade documents under the letters of credit. However, in transactions of transfer, it does not need the inter-bank connection and also does not occur the electronic right transfer problem of bill of lading if using the non-negotiable seaway bill instead of bill of lading. In this paper, I recommend the global transmission strategies of e-trade documents using the non-negotiable sea waybill in transactions of transfer. Hopefully, I expect the activation of global transmission of e-trade documents through the utilization of electronic non-negotiable sea waybill as suggested by this study.

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.187-199
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• 2018

물류산업은 블록체인의 적용가능성과 효과성이 매우 높은 산업으로 거론된다. 본 연구는 블록체인이 물류산업에 적용될 경우 발생하는 긍정적인 효과가 무엇인지 살펴보고 물류산업에 블록체인이 적용되기 위해 우선적으로 해결되어야할 법적 문제점은 어떠한 것이 있는지를 파악하기 위한 논문이다. 선행연구의 부족으로 국내외의 다양한 보고서를 참고하였으며 블록체인을 통해 서류업무 간소화, 가시성 증대, 거래신뢰성 향상, 사물인터넷 활성화, 자율거래의 확대라는 긍정적 효과를 창출 할 수 있는 것을 확인했다. 하지만 물류산업에 블록체인이 적용되기 위해서는 전자거래의 범위, 전자선하증권의 국제유통, 전사서명, 개인정보보호에 등에 관한 법률적 보완이 필요하다는 것도 알 수 있었다. 블록체인에 대한 사회적 관심이 높아지는 현 시점에서 물류산업의 적용가능성과 효과 및 법률적 문제점을 확인했다는 의미가 있지만 보다 광범위한 법적 문제와 실무 차원의 연구가 향후 수행되어야 할 것이다.

• 정보학연구
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2001

국제무역부문에서 사이버무역거래가 활발하게 이용되기 물품운송 및 무역대금결제에 이르기까지 전통적인 방식에 의한 무역보다 전자환경에 맞는 안정되고 예측가능한 시스템구축이 필요하다. WTO, OECD, UNCITRAL, APEC등과 같은 국제기구에서 전자상거래 활성화를 위한 방안이 모색되고 있고, 무역 관련 국제규범에 사이버 무역 활성화를 위한 규칙을 마련하고 있으나 전자계약, 운송서류의 전자문서화, 전자결제 등에 이용하기에는 많은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이들 문제점들을 규명하고 전자계약의 성립과 유효성 및 권리 구제에 대한 전자적 합의의 표준화, 전자선하증권 등을 중심으로 하는 운송서류의 권리이전문제, 전자결제시스템의 개발을 통하여 사이버무역을 활성화시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시한다.