• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.1 s.26
• /
• pp.43-56
• /
• 2005

In the existing broadcasting environment, it is not easy to serve the bi-directional service between a broadcasting server and a TV audience. In the uni-directional broadcasting environments, almost TV programs are scheduled depending on the viewers' popular watching time, and the advertisement contents in these TV programs are mainly arranged by the popularity and the ages of the audience. The audiences make an effort to sort and select their favorite programs. However, the advertisement programs which support the TV program the audience want are not served to the appropriate audiences efficiently. This randomly provided advertisement contents can occur to the audiences' indifference and avoidance. In this paper, we propose the target advertisement service for the appropriate distribution of the advertisement contents. The proposed target advertisement service estimates the audience's profile without any issuing the private information and provides the target-advertised contents by using his/her estimated profile. For the experimental results, we used the real audiences' TV usage history such as the ages, fonder and time of the programs from AC Neilson Korea. And we show the accuracy of the proposed target advertisement service algorithm. NDS (Normalized Distance Sum) and the Vector correlation method, and implementation of our target advertisement service system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.129-139
• /
• 2002

Fish distribution characteristics are essential to assess and estimate fisheries resources in a particular area. The primary goal of this study is to determine the distribution characteristics by the bottom trawling in the Yellow Sea west of South Korea. The surveys were carried out between 33$^{\circ}$00'N~37$^{\circ}$00'N latitude and 124$^{\circ}$00'E~126$^{\circ}$00'E longitude at EEZ(Exclusive Economic Zone) of Korea in Yellow Sea on May and August, 1999 and April, 2000. The ships used in this survey were the R/V Chung-kyeong(G/T 300) and R/V Dong-baek(G/T 1,050) of Yeosu National University. The results obtained can be summarized as follows 1. From the trawl data the fisheries resources are seriously decreasing through most of the species(about more 50%) have been appeared only one time at the bottom trawl on April, 2000. The total fish species caught by the trawl net during the 3 times survey were 106 species and a few species(dominant species) of these occupied 50~90% of the quantity of the total quantity by number or by weight. Among the dominant species the tanaka's snailfish was recorded to be the most dominant species in the survey area. The fish species in the Yellow Sea were clustered according to the regions. They clustered in two or three partes to the south-north direction in the spring season and clustered in two parts to the on-off shore direction of the shore in the summer season. Most of the fish caught at the the trawl net with cover-net(30.3mm) were small sized. They were shorter than 15 cm in length and the extruding rate of the cod-end which was 60mm mesh size ranges about 90%. 2. The densities of the number and weight per unit volume derived from the total catches sampled in April, 2000 survey were $1532.2{\times}10^{-6}fish/m^3$ and $39.55{\times}10^{-6}kg/m^3$, respectively. 3. The density variation of fish population between 1999 and 2000 showed a slight tendency to increase.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.21-34
• /
• 1982

One hundred and twenty-one strains each of Escherichia coli isolated from stools of 60 patients who received various antimicrobial drugs in hospital for more than one week and apparently healthy 60 students who have no history of taking antimicrobial drugs during recent one month, were tested for their resistance to 13 antimicrobial drugs. The frequency of resistance strains was highest to tetracycline with 69.2%, and followed by streptomycin(Sm), sulfisomidine(Su), chloramphenicol(Cm), ampicillin(Ap), and carbenicillin(Cb) in the decreasing order, ranging from 61.2% to 39.3%. Strains resistant to kanamycin(Km), cephaloridine(Cr), and trimethoprim(Tp) occupied about one-fourth of strains, and only four strains were resistant either one or more of nalidixic acid, gentamicin and amikacin, and no strain was resistant to rifampicin. The frequency of resistant strains to Cm, Ap, Km, Cr, and Cb was much higher among patient isolates than student strains, but strains resistant to the other drugs showed almost the same frequencies between patient and student isolates. There was a marked difference in average minimum inhibitory concentrations of between resistant and susceptible strains, suggesting that the resistance to drugs is the plasmid origin. Seventy-six percent of strains were resistant to one to 10 drugs tested, and no much difference was observed between strains from patients and students. However, strains resistant to four or more drugs were much more frequently found among patient isolates than student strains, with the increasing tendency of multiply resistant strains among patient isolates following the increase in the number of resistant drugs. The transfer of drug resistance by conjugation was tested and 98 strains(67.5%) among 145 which were resistant to two or more drugs were found to transfer their drug resistance to E. coli. Among 74 strains resistant to 7 or more drugs, all except one transferred the resistance, and the number of strains with transferable resistance decreased, as the number of resistant drugs decrease. A R plasmid from randomly selected p13 strain was tested for the incompatibility group, and the plasmid was classified into Inc F II. R plasmM DNA bands were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.249-260
• /
• 1986

Recent reports have noted the increase of and questioned the justification for cesarean section rate in the past decade. This study was carried out retrospectively based on the clinical charts of 510 patients who had been performed cesarean section among 3,357 deliveries at Yeungnam University Hospital from May, 9, 1983 through Nov., 30, 1986. The results were as follows : 1. Overall incidence of cesarean section was 15.7% of total deliveries. Of these, 10.9% were by primary cesarean section and 4.7% by repeat operation. There has been a gradual increase in the cesarean section rate. 2. In the distribution of age, the 26-30 aged group was the most prevalent(60.2%). 3. The most common indications for cesarean section were previous cesarean section(30.2%), CPD (26.9%), Malpresentation(22.7%), and fetal distress(3.5%). In primipara, CPD was the most frequent and in multipara malpresentation. 4. A great proportion(31.6%) was done at 40th gestational week. 5. In the weight distribution of infants, the group of 3,000-3,499gm was the most prevalent(39.8%), premature baby was 9.1%, and giant baby was 5.6%. 6. In the type of operation, lower segment transverse cesarean section was the most(97.5%). 7. In the combined surgery, sterilization was the most prevalent and the next was ovarian cystectomy, hysterectomy, and myomectomy in order. 8. In the type of the anesthesia, general anesthesia was 83.5%. 9. Maternal morbidity was 14.7%. Among the causes of this morbidity, wound infection was the most and the next was urinary tract infection, fever of unknown origin, and atonic bleeding in order. 10. It was found that 18.4% was maternal morbidity in the patients below 10gm Hb. In this group, maternal morbidity was markedly increased as the level of Hb was decreased. 11. Maternal morbidity was increased as the duration of ruptured membrane was prolonged. In the group of over 24 hours after rupture of membrane, it was markedly increased(44.4%). 12. Maternal morbidity was increased as the duration of labor was prolonged. In the group of over 12 hours after the onset of labor, it was 24.6%. 13. Maternal morbity of lower segment transverse cesarean section was the least(14.1%). 14. Maternal morbidity of emergency cesarean section was about two times as much as elective cesarean section.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.10
• /
• pp.1147-1152
• /
• 2009

Purpose:To characterize the pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities in more than 24-month-old children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and to study the Escherichia coli antimicrobial susceptibility trend. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the record of more than 24-month-old children with UTI between January 2003 and December 2008. Positive results for 1 bacterial species with a colony count of ${\geq}10^5CFU/mL$ was considered statistically significant. We analyzed uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities. To investigate E. coli antibiotic susceptibility trend, we compared 2 study periods (group A: 2003-2005 versus group B: 2006-2008) using the chi-square test for trend. Results:In all, 63 bacterial isolates were identified in children with febrile UTI. The most common pathogen was E. coli (77.8%). There was no difference in the resistance patterns of uropathogens during the 2 study periods (P>0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to aztreonam, cefotetan, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, amikacin, and imipenem was >90% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, 49% and to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam, 20-25%. Over the 2 study period, the E. coli susceptibilities to most antibiotics did not change: the susceptibility to cefuroxime increased from 74.1% to 95.5% (P=0.046) and that to ciprofloxacin increased from 59.3% to 86.4% (P=0.039). Conclusion:Empirical treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam alone appeared to be insufficient in childhood UTI because of the high resistance of E. coli and other gram-negative uropathogens. Antibiotics for empirical therapy should be selected based on the sensitivity and resistance pattern of uropathogens found in a particular region.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2002

Seasonal quantitative van Veen grab sampling was conducted to characterize the composition and structure of the benthic polychaete community inhabiting the shellfish farming ground of a coastal bay system of Jiniu Bay (Korea). A total of 132 polychaete species were identified and the polychaetes accounted for about $80\%$ of overall abundance of benthic animals. There was little significant seasonal difference in densities (abundances) of polychaetes, Maximum biomass was obseued in summer (August) and minimum value was recorded in winter (February) and spring (May). Conversely, diversity and richness were lowest in summer, indicating a seasonal variability in the polychaetous community structure, The cluster analysis indicated that such a seasonal variability resulted mainly from the appearance of a few small, r-selected opportunists in spring and the tubiculous species of the family Maldanidae in summer. On the other hand, several indicator species for the organically enriched environments such as Capitelia capitata, Notoniashs Jatericeus and hmbrineris sp. showed high densities during all the study period. Density and biomass of univariate measures of community structure were significantly lower in the arkshell-farming ground of the southern area than in the non-farming sites of the bay, A similar general tendency was also found in the spatial distributions of species diversity and richness. Principal component analysis revealed the existence of different groups of benthic assemblages between the arkshell-farming ground and non-farming sites, The lack of colonization of r-selected opportunists and/or tubiculous species in the former ground seemed to contribute to the spatial differences in the composition and structure of the polychaetous communities. Although finer granulometric composition and high sulfide concentration in sediments of the arkshell-farming ground and low salinity in the northern area were likely to account for parts of the differences, other environmental variables observed were unlikely. The spatial distribution of polychaetes in Jiniu Bay may be rather closely related to the sedimentary disturbance by selection of shells for harvesting in spring.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2014

The clinical practices provide the students with a good opportunity to study the practical experiences in their field through the clinical training education in hospital. Now, in this study, comparing the perceptions of the clinic teachers with those of students at the clinical site. The study was conducted to the students attending universities located in Seoul and who finished the clinical practices in 2013. The questionnaires were distributed to the student and collected from them. The study were conducted to 275 questionnaires with frequency analysis, crosstabs, chi-square test and McNemar test. The major motivation was of the select radiography course was high employment rate(44.0%) and the satisfaction of radiography course was general(53.1%). 51.3% of the study answered 8 weeks current duration of clinical practices is proper. The 3-year course students answered that the period of clinical practices would be proper if it is performed in the winter vacation in their second year in college(47.3%). The 4-year course students answered that the first semester in their third years is proper for clinical practices( 27.7%). The students answered that they felt the lack in their knowledge on the professional field(32.4%) during the clinical practices and some of the practical training is different from the education performed at school(68.4%). Most of answered that they were satisfied with the clinical practices and among them they recognized the importance of the clinical practices ($3.94{\pm}0.89$). After the clinical practices, their desire for getting job as a radiography has changed from 84.1% to 82.9%. The reason why they want the job related to the radiation is because the job is stable (changed from 49.0% to 46.0% after the clinical practice) while the reason why they don't want be a radigrapher because that job is not proper for them (changed from 37.0% to 40.7% after the clinical practice) The effort should be made to enhance the position of radiation professionals through the improved education system to the students, rather giving them education for just employment.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.35-41
• /
• 2007

As the consumption of environmentally friendly agricultural products increases, food safety is at the forefront of public health concerns. We analyzed the biological hazards of 26 species of leaf vegetables and 4 species of fruit according to types of cultivation (conventional or organic filming) and distribution system (giant retailers or organic food stores) using various culture media, automatic bacterial identification systems, and microscopy, Total bacterial count of unwashed agricultural product ranged from $5.2{\times}10^{3}\;to\;1.5{\times}10^{5}\;CFU/mL$ (from 0.1 g of agricultural products), and the average count dropped 25-fold (range, 8-60-fold) after water washing. Microbial levels of washed organic agricultural products were $6.0{\times}10^{2}-1.9{\times}10^{4}\;CFU/mL$, and were not significantly different f개m the microbial loads on conventionally farmed produce. There was no significant difference in bacterial count from agricultural produce purchased from giant retailers or organic food stores. Total microbial count of Chinese cabbage, welsh onion, red chicory and kale were comparatively high, and Enterobacter cloacae was isolated most frequently. Parasites were detected in agricultural products purchased from conventional farm products in the stores of giant retailers, and in organic food stores, and parasite prevalence was especially high in Chinese cabbages and welsh onion. The study indicated that cultivation methods and distribution systems did not cause significant differences in biological contamination levels of agricultural produce. Some vegetables and fruits were highly contaminated effective sanitizing methods to reduce these biological hazards are needed.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.243-249
• /
• 2007

The centromere is a highly differentiated structure of the chromosome that fulfills a multitude of essential mitotic and meiotic functions. Alphoid DNA (${\alpha}$-satellite) is the most abundant family of repeated DNA found at the centromere of all human chromosomes, and chromosomes of primates in general. The most important parts in the development of Human Artificial Chromosomes (HACs), are the isolation and maintenance of stability of centromeric region. For isolation of this region, we could use the targeting hook with alphoid DNA repeat and cloned by Transformation-Associated Recombination (TAR) cloning technique in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method includes rolling-circle amplification (RCA) of repeats in vitro to 5 kb-length and elongation of the RCA products by homologous recombination in yeast. Four types of $35\;kb{\sim}50\;kb$ of centromeric DNA repeat arrays (2, 4, 5, 6 mer) are used to examine the stability of repeats in homologous recombination mutant strains (rad51, rad52, and rad54). Following the transformation into wild type, rad51 and rad54 mutant strains, there were frequent changes in inserted size. A rad52 mutant strain showed extremely low transformation frequency, but increased stability of centromeric DNA repeat arrays at least 3 times higher than other strains. Based on these results, the incidence of large mutations could be reduced using a rad52 mutant strain in maintenance of centromeric DNA repeat arrays. This genetic method may use more general application in the maintenance of tandem repeats in construction of HAC.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.29 no.10
• /
• pp.1081-1089
• /
• 1996

Pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum has continued to have a high surgical mortality and morbidity. This mAy attribute to the non-uniformity of the anomaly. We reviewed a total of 34 infants with pulmonary atresla and intact ventricular septum managed in this hospital between 1987 and 1995. Mean age and body weight were 57.2 (range, 3-208) days and 4.1 (range, B.3∼6.8) kg. The preoperative Z-value of the diameter of the tricuspid valve was less than -2 in 85.2% of patients and less than -4 in 33. 3% . It is well correlated w th right ventricular cavity size (n=27. r10.68, p< 0.05). Coronary artery-right ventricular fistulas were identified in 3 patients, and right ventricular dependency was suspected in 1 Over All hospital mortality was 23.5%(8/34), although it decreased to 16.6%(4124) in 1990s. Subsequent procedures were performed in 6 patients between 3 days and 58 months after Initial palliation : one bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt and 1 Fontan operation after systemic-pulmonary shunt, 3 transannular patch + atrial septal defect closure and 1 additional systemic-pulmonary shunt after polmonary valvectomy or valvotomy. Changes of Z-values of the diameter of tricuspid valve have been followed up in 11 patients between 1 and 66 months postoperatively. Z-values were increased In 5 out of 8 transannular right ventriculAr outflow tract enlargement group and in 1 out of 3 pulmonary valvectomy or valvotomy group. Our data suggest that tailoring a treatment to right ventricular cavity size and coronary anom lies may improve the surgical outcome. A Z-value of the tricuspid valve diameter could be used.