• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of oyster shell, fly ash and gypsum on rice yield and quality. The four treatments of soil amelioration were oyster shell 4, fly ash 80, fly ash 56 + gypsum 24 and oyster shell 0.8 + fly ash 40 + gypsum 24 ton/ha. Rice yield were in the order of oyster shell, fly ash and control plats. The pH, EC values and OM, Ca, $SO_4$, moisture contents of the top-soil after rice harvesting in soil amelioration treatments were increased, while Mg, Na, Fe, Zn and Al were decreased than those of control. Rice quality was the best in the fly ash plat due to lower T-N and higher Mg/K ratio.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.334-339
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• 1995

To investigate the utilization of fly ash in agriculture, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] was used as the test crop. Soil was treated in pot experiments with anthracite and bituminous fly ash at 5 levels of 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24%, respectively. Growth status in terms of plant height and the number of nodes was improved in the order of bituminous treatment > anthracite treatment > control. The increment of fly ash had a positive effects on plant growth in both anthracite and bituminous treatment. The ratio of the senescent leaves to the all leaves during the maturing period was higher in fly ash treatments than in the control. As increasing the fly ash treatment, the ratio of senescent leaves was increased. Total yield was higher in the order of bituminous treatment > anthracite treatment > control. Grain yield also was higher in fly ash treatment than in the control. Bituminous fly ash treatments were more favourable in grain yield than anthracite. The increment of up to 12% fly ash to soil increased grain yield in both anthracite and bituminous. Application of bituminous fly ash could be recommended due to the fact that high pH of soil is favorable for growth of sorghum.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.414-422
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• 1995

Coal fly ash was calcined and elutriated for recycling as ceramic raw materials. C Crystal phases, morphologies, chemical components, particle size distributions and Ig. loss of as-received, calcined and elutriated coal fly ash were investigated to study the effects of the calci nation and elutriation on the coal fly ash classification. The experimental equations, which were used in elutriation of clay, were examined in order to find out which equation is appropriated for coal fly ash classification. It turned out that Rittinger's equation is relatively well matched for the fly ash. Having nothing to do with the treatment conditions, the crystal phases of coal f fly ash were mullite, quartz. Calcite peak was detected in as - received and elutriated coal fly a ash; however, it disappeared in calcined coal fly ash. As - received coal fly ash consists of various type of particles such as a cenosphere, coke type, silicate type, whisker type and aggregat e ed type. In case of calcined coal fly ash, coke type particles were eliminated and agglomerated type particles were relatively increased. Most of the particles that were relatively spherical cenosphere in the 4th step of elutriator. Particle size distribution was narrowed by calcination a and elutriation. Especially, in elutriation, particle size distribution was very narrow.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.199-204
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• 2010

Much of the coal ash by thermal power plant has gradually been increased, however researches on the recycling of bottom ash has not been investigated enough so far. In this research, the lysimeter test was conducted to find out the possibilities of bottom ash as soil amendment to improve the physiochemical properties of sandy topsoil of turfgrass in golf course. The turfgrass growth test and leaching test were conducted on the lysimeter. The lysimeter columns were manufactured with various topsoil mixing ratios of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 50% of bottom ash with sand. As a result of leachate analysis through the lysimeter column, the higher ratios of bottom ash mixed affect significantly on water holding capacity of topsoil sand media with decreasing of the percolation rate. The results of leachate analysis in every three days interval, the pH of leachate increased with the bottom ash ratios, but the volume of $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N and K decreased significantly. However, the level of EC of leachate had constantly maintained. These results indicate that the application of bottom ash may improve turfgrass growth with water holding capability and fertility of sandy topsoil. However, the negative effects of the bottom ash also evaluated by reducing water permeability and solubility of $PO_4$-P by adsorption into soil particles. The results indicates that the reasonable mixing ratio of the bottom ash as soil amendment should be less than 20% (v/v) with sand which has a low water-holding and fertility in golf course topsoil layers.

• Proceedings of the Turfgrass Society of Korea Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

본 연구는 화력발전의 부산물로 발생하는 석탄바닥재가 골프장 사질 토양의 개량재로 사용 적합한지를 평가하기 위해 수행되었으며, 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 석탄바닥재의 화학성을 분석한 결과 총질소 0.34%, 가용성 인산 $52mgL^{-1}$, 치환성 칼륨 $51mgL^{-1}$ 뿐만 아니라 소량의 치환성 칼슘과 마그네슘을 함유하고 있어 식물생육에 이롭고, 유해중금속함량은 Cd, $Cr^{6+}$, Pb, Ni, As는 $1mgL^{-1}$ 이하, Cu 농도는 $1.25mgL^{-1}$ 검출되어 토양환경보전법의 토양오염우려기준 이하이므로 석탄바닥재 재활용으로 인한 토양오염 가능성은 매우 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 2. 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재를 부피비로 0~50% 비율로 혼합한 시료의 투수계수와 유효수분함량을 측정한 결과 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 증가할수록 투수계수는 유의성 있게 감소하고 유효수분함량은 유의성 있게 증가해 석탄바닥재가 모래 토양의 낮은 수분보유력을 개선하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 3. 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재를 부피비로 0~50% 비율로 혼합한 시료를 잔디식재층으로 조성한 라이시미터에 잔디종자 파종 후 약 4개월 뒤 잔디밀도가 완전히 형성된 후에 시비 후 3일 간격으로 채취한 용탈수를 분석한 결과 1일과 4일 후에 채취한 초기 용탈수에서는 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 높을수록 $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$ 및 K함량이 유의성 있게 감소했으며, 대조구에 비해 석탄바닥재 혼합비율이 높은 처리구일수록 $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$ 및 K함량이 용탈수 채취기간 동안 지속적으로 용탈되었다. 이 결과로 석탄바닥재가 모래 토양의 낮은 양분 보유력을 개선하는데 효과적이고 석탄바닥재처리가 대조구에 비해 오랫동안 식물 생육에 필요한 양분을 공급하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 4. 골프장 그린상구조와 동일한 시험포장을 만들고 모래 토양에 석탄바닥재 10%와 20% 그리고 피트, 액시스, 이소라이트를 부피비로 10% 비율로 혼합한 시료를 잔디식재층으로 조성하고 크리핑 벤트그래스(Agrostis paulstris Huds), Penn A-4 $10gm^{-2}$을 파종한 후에 처리구별로 잔디 품질을 평가하기 위해 잔디 밀도, 뿌리길이, 색상 및 시각적 품질을 조사한 결과 석탄바닥재 처리구는 기존에 사용하는 개량제인 피트, 액시스, 이소라이트 처리구와 동등한 잔디생육 촉진 효과가 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 5. 결론적으로 석탄바닥재는 골프장 토양의 물리적 특성과 화학적 특성을 개선하고 잔디생육에 필요한 양분을 공급하는데 효과적인 토양개량재라고 할 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.260-265
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• 2012

Soil respiration under flooded conditions is considered to be very small compared with aerobic soil respiration of soil organic matter. However, anaerobic decomposition of soil plays a key role in carbon cycling in flooded ecosystems. On the other hand, coal-ash wastes, such as fly ash and bottom ash, are known to function as a soil amendment for mitigating $CO_2$ emission and enhancing carbon sequestration in up land soils. In this study, we investigated bottom ash as a soil amendment for mitigating $CO_2$ emission, and thus enhancing carbon sequestration under anaerobic conditions. We observed that amendment of bottom ash without external organic source led to significant reduction in $CO_2$ emission rate and in total cumulative $CO_2$ emission flux over the incubation period, which was proportional to the amount of bottom ash applied. We also found that soil microbial biomass increased in response to application of bottom ash. These results suggest that bottom ash can be utilized to store $CO_2$ as a stable soil organic carbon in flooded ecosystems, as in aerobic situations.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.1071-1079
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• 2011

In this study, coal combustion ash (CCA) was evaluated for its stabilization effect on acidic mine waste with column experiment. Total of six treatments were installed depending on mixing ratio between coal wastes and CCA (0, 20, 40%) and mixing method (completely mixing and layered). Artificial acidic rain (pH 5.6) was used for feeding solution with flow rate of $0.05mL\;min^{-1}$. Result showed that higher pH of leachate was observed as more CCA was mixed. The highest pH in leachate was measured when 40% of CCA was mixed with coal waste (pH of 5.8). Also, complete mixing with CCA and coal waste was more effective to increase the pH of leachate than layered treatment. Regarding the reduction of soluble Fe amount, the highest efficiency (78%) was observed when 20% of coal ash was completely mixed with mine waste. Based on those result, optimum mixing ratio of coal ash with mine waste can be ranged 20-40% depending on environmental circumstances in the field.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 1997

This research aims to remove the heavy metals, nonbiodegradable COD(NBDCOD), and color using the coal waste. The experimental by heat treatment was performed to advance the adsorption capacity. The results are as follows ; i) The coal waste had the adsorption capacity of heavy metals and the rates were in the range of 20 to 30 percents. ii) The heat treatment was the optimum condition that the reaction time was 6 hours at $500^{\circ}C$, , iii) In the column experimen, non-treated coal waste removed the COD and color in the range of 20 to 60 percents. iv) Heat-treated coal waste showed higher removal rate of the color in biological effluent, and heavy metal and COD removal rates were changed by the filteration rates.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.361-363
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• 2008

탄소 개질반응은 $1200^{\circ}C$(도1) 이상에서 모든 탄화물질과 수분 또는 $CO_2$ 사이에서 흡열/환원반응이 일어나서 합성가스를 생성한다. 개질반응로는 산화반응로와 연결되어, 수소가스와 CO 가스의 혼합인,합성가스가 산화반응로 내에서 산소가스와 연소하여 열과 $H_2O+CO_2$를 생성하여 환원 반응로 내로 유입되어, 환원 반응로를 $1200^{\circ}C$ 이상으로 유지하고, $H_2O$와 $CO_2$는 석탄 속의 모든 탄소를 CO로 개질한다(도2). 동시에 수소가스가 생성되어 합성가스를 생성하게 된다. 석탄 속의 비탄소 물질인 슬래그(Slag)는 개질로 내에 남게 되는데, 개질로를 슬래그 융점(non-fluid point) 이하에서 고체상태로 포집함으로서 Fly-ash로 처리된다. 개질로 내의 온도를 $1200{\sim}1300^{\circ}C$(석탄 슬래그 융점)로 유지함으로서 개질반응이 지속되어 합성가스가 생성된다. IGCC 시스템에서는 합성가스를 가스터빈 속에서 $O_2E가스와 연소하여 고온의 가스를 생성하여 터빈을 가동해 발전을 하고 배출가스를 $1500{\sim}1700^{\circ}C$에서 배출한다. 재래식 IGCC(도4)에서는 ${\sim}1500^{\circ}C$의 배출가스를 열교환 시스템에 의해 증기를 생성하여 Steam turbine(증기터빈)을 가동하여 추가 전력을 생산했다. 그러나 본 시스템에서는 배출가스(증기와 $CO_2E 가스)를 위의 개질로에 유입하여 개질로 온도를 $1200{\sim}1300^{\circ}C$로 유지함으로서 더 많은 합성가스를 생성 하게 된다(도3). 이렇게 하여 Oxidation-reduction cycle을 형성하게 된다. 새로운 IGCC 시스템에서 가스 터빈의 배출가스가 석탄 개질로에 연결되고 석탄개질로의 합성가스 출구가 가스터빈의 가스 입구에 연결됨으로서,외부에너지 주입 없이 지속 가능한 가스화 반응과 터빈 사이클(Cycle)을 완성하여 IGCC 시스템의 석탄 열효율을 1단계 상승시켰다. 이렇게 설계된 석탄가스화기는 Lurgi형 석탄가스화 기와 달리 석탄개질반응의 효율을 높일 수 있고, 슬래그 처리가 간단하기 때문에 석탄가스화기가 소형화 될 수 있으며 슬래그(Slag)용융에 따른 석탄가스화기의 외벽손상을 피할 수 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.627-639
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• 1996

Charateristics of Ansan and Boryong coal fly ashes collected at different seasons were investigated for the recycling them as ceramic raw materials. The effect of pH treatment on the classification of Ansan coal fly ashes by elutriation was discussed. Charateristics of ansan and boryong coal fly ashes were not significantly changed with power plants and seasons. major crystalline phases were mullite and quartz. These results suggested that coal fly ashes cab be used as raw materials instead of clay minerals. However, particle size distribution was very broad from a few $\mu\textrm{m}$ to over $100\;\mu\textrm{m}$. Especially, ansan coal fly ashes have various morphologies. Therefore, coal fly ashes should be classified before using as raw materials. Because of higher dispersion by pH treatment, spherical cenospheres were mainly collected in the 4th step and particle size distribusion was also decreased by elutriation for the ansan coal fly ashes. The specific surface area of the sample collected in the 4th step was $1.24\;m^{2}/g$ which was smaller than that of not treated Ansan coal fly ashes.