• 제목/요약/키워드: 석영용해

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Geochemistry of the Country Rock of Eosangcheon Manganese Deposit (어상천망간광산 모암의 지구화학)

  • Lee, Jae Yeong;Hwang, Duk Hwan
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.17-34
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    • 1984
  • The Ordovician limestone and dolomite was mineralized by the intrusion of quartz porphyry to form hydrothermal ore deposit along the fault shear zone, which trends $N30^{\circ}-40^{\circ}W$ dipping $60^{\circ}-70^{\circ}SW$. The primary manganese carbonates in the upper part of the deposit were oxidized to form supergene manganese ore deposits. The quartz porphyry is plotted mainly in granite region of the triangular diagram of normative composition. The granite phase contains more copper and lead, but less zinc, nickel and chromium than the granodiorite phase which occupies the northwestern part of the quartz porphyry. The content of copper, lead, zinc, nickel and chromium in the quartz porphyry is lower compared with the granitic rocks from the copper province in the Gyeongsang basin. But the granitic rocks from the lead-zinc province has lower content of copper and nickel than the quartz porphyry. The primary distribution pattern of trace elements in the country rock of limestone and dolomite has close relation with the hydrothermal mineralization, showing anomalous or high content near the fault shear zone. The secondary distribution pattern of trace elements in soils shows close relation with the solubility of the carbonates of the elements under weathering condition.

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Ti-50.4 at% Ni 합금의 형상기억특성에 미치는 냉간가공률의 영향

  • Go, Won-Gi;Kim, Jae-Il;Park, Su-Ho;Kim, So-Jin;Kim, Hyeon;Lee, Gi-Yeong
    • Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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    • 2012.05a
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    • pp.106.2-106.2
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    • 2012
  • Ti-Ni합금은 CsCl구조의 B2상, monoclinic 구조의 B19'(M)상과 rhombohedral 구조의 R상(R)이 나타난다고 알려져 있고, 이들 상의 변태에 의해 열탄성 마르텐사이트와 응력유기 마르텐사이트에 의한 형상기억효과와 초탄성 효과를 가지고 있다. 또한 Ti-Ni 합금은 우수한 형상기억특성을 가질 뿐만 아니라 생체적합성, 가공성 및 내식성 등이 뛰어나 공업분야 및 생체분야에서 폭 넓게 활용되고 있다. Ti-Ni합금의 형상기억특성은 냉간가공 후 어닐링 처리의 온도와 시간에 따른 matrix 내 Ni의 농도, 석출물의 밀도와 크기, 전위밀도와 전위주위의 응력장에 의해 영향을 받는다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 Ti-Ni합금의 형상기억 특성 및 변태온도에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 다양한 냉간가공률의 시료를 제작하여 다양한 온도에서 Annealing 처리를 하여 냉간가공률 및 Annealing 온도가 형상기억특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Ti-50.4 at.% Ni 합금은 진공 아크 용해로에서 용해 하였으며, 용해된 Ingot는 열간단조 및 열간 압출한 후 냉간 인발과 중간온도에서 어닐링을 반복하면서 직경 0.5mm의 선재로 만들었다. 최종적으로 제작한 선재의 냉간가공률은 9.5%, 18.2%, 34.5%, 45% 이었다. 각 시편은 5X10-5torr의 진공으로 석영관에 진공 봉입하여 각각 673K, 723K, 783K에서 1hr 열처리 하였다. 합금의 형상기억특성과 변태온도는 DSC에 의해 조사되었다. DSC 측정 결과, 냉간가공률이 증가함에 따라 마르텐사이트 변태 온도는 감소하였고, 어닐링 온도가 증가함에 따라 마르텐사이트 변태 온도는 증가하였다. 또한 가공률이 증가하여도 R상 변태온도는 큰 변화가 없었고, Annealing온도가 증가함에 따라 R상 변태온도는 감소하였다. 또한, 형상기억특성은 인장시험기를 이용한 정하중 열싸이클 테스트를 이용하여 평가 하였다. 냉간 가공률이 증가함에 따라 안정한 형상기억특성을 나타내었다.

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Structural and Optical Properties of Sol-gel Derived ZnO:Cu Films

  • Bae, Ji-Hwan;Park, Jun-Su;Jo, Sin-Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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    • 2013.08a
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    • pp.199-199
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    • 2013
  • 최근 단파장 광전 소자와 고출력 고주파 전자 소자에 대한 수요 때문에 넓은 밴드갭 에너지를 갖는 반도체에 관심이 많다. 이중에서, ZnO는 우수한 화학 및 역학적 안정성, 수소 플라즈마 내구성과 저가 제조의 장점 때문에 광전자 소자 개발 분야에 적합한 산화물 투명 전극으로 관심을 끌고 있다. 불순물이 도핑되지 않은 ZnO는 본질적으로 산소 빈자리 (vacancy)와 아연 격자틈새 (interstitial)와 같은 자체의 결함으로 말미암아 n형의 극성을 갖기 때문에, 반도체 소자로 응용하기 위해서는 도핑 운반자의 농도와 전도성을 제어하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 박막 제조시 제어성, 안정성과 용이하게 성장이 가능한 졸겔 (sol-gel) 방법을 사용하여 사파이어와 석영 기판 위에 Cu가 도핑된 ZnO 박막을 성장시켰으며, 그것의 구조, 표면 형상, 평균 투과율, 광학 밴드갭 에너지를 계산하였다. 특히, Cu의 몰 비를 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 0.1 mol로 변화시키면서 ZnO:Cu 박막을 성장시켰다. ZnO:Cu 졸은 zinc acetate dihydrate, 2-methoxyethanol (용매), momoethanolamine (MEA, 안정제)을 사용하여 제조하였다. 상온에서 2-methoxyethanol과 MEA가 혼합된 용액에 zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn)을 용해시켰다. 이때 MEA와 Zn의 몰 비는 1로 유지하였다. 이 용액을 $60^{\circ}C$ 가열판 (hot plate)에서 24 h 동안 자석으로 휘젓으며 혼합하여 맑고 균일한 용액을 얻었다. 이 용액을 3000 rpm 속도로 회전하는 스핀 코터기의 상부에 장착된 사파이어와 석영 기판 위에 주사기 (syringe)를 사용하여 한 방울 떨어뜨려 30 s 동안 스핀한 다음에, 용매를 증발시키고 유기물 찌꺼기를 제거하기 위하여 $300^{\circ}C$에서 10분 동안 건조시킨다. 기판 위에 코팅하는 작업에서 부터 건조 작업까지를 10회 반복한 다음에, 1 h 동안 전기로에 장입하여 석영 기판 위에 증착된 시료는 $550^{\circ}C$에서, 사파이어 기판은 $700^{\circ}C$에서 열처리를 수행하였다. Cu의 몰 비 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, 1로 성장된 ZnO:Cu 박막에 대한 x선 회절 분석의 결과에 의하면, 모든 ZnO:Cu 박막의 경우에 관측된 34.3o의 피크는 ZnO (002) 면에서 발생된 회절 패턴을 나타낸다. 이것은 JCPDS #80-0075에 제시된 회절상과 일치하였으며, ZnO:Cu 박막이 기판에 수직인 c-축을 따라 우선 배향됨을 나타낸다. 사파이어 기판 위에 증착된 박막의 경우에, Cu의 몰 비가 점점 증가함에 따라(002)면 회절 피크의 세기는 전반적으로 증가하여 0.07 mol에서 최대를 나타내었으나, 석영 기판 위에 증착된 박막의 경우에는 0.05 mol에서 최대를 보였다. 외선-가시광 분광계를 사용하여 서로 다른 Cu의 몰 비로 성장된 ZnO:Cu 박막에서 광학 흡수율 (absorbance) 스펙트럼을 측정하였으며, 이 데이터를 사용하여 평균 투과율을 계산한 결과, 투과율은 Cu의 몰 비에 따라 현저한 차이를 나타내었다. Cu의 몰 비가 0.07 mol일 때 평균 투과율은 80%로 가장 높았으며, 0.03 mol에서는 30%로 최소이었다. 광학밴드갭 에너지는 Tauc 모델을 사용하여 계산하였고, 결정 입자의 형상과 크기와의 상관 관계를 조사하였다.

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Sandstone Diagenesis of the Lower Permian Jangseong Formation, Jangseong Area, Samcheog Coalfield (삼척탄전 장성일대에 분포하는 하부페름기 장성층 사암의 속성작용)

  • 박현미;유인창;김형식
    • The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.132-145
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    • 1998
  • The coal-bearing siliciclastic rocks of the Lower Permian Jangseong Formation, Samcheog coalfield, represent a megacyclothem which shows cyclic repetitions of sandstone, shale, coaly shale, and coals. Petrographic, geochemical, and SEM studies for sandstone samples, and XRD analysis for clay minerals were carried out to understand diagenesis in the sandstones of the Jangseong Formation. The Jangseong sandstones are composed of 60% quartz (mainly monocrystalline quartz) and 36% clay matrix and cement with minor amounts of feldspar, lithic fragments and accessory minerals (less than 4%). Jangseong sandstones are classified mostly as quartzwackes and partly as lithic graywackes according to the scheme of Dott(1964). The textural relationships between authigenic minerals and cements in thin sections and SEM photomicrographs suggest the paragenetic sequence as follows; (1) mechanical compaction, (2) cementation by quartz overgrowth, (3) formation of authigenic clay minerals (illite, kaolinite), (4) dissolution of framework grains and development of secondary porosity, and (5) later-stage pore-filling by pyrophyllite. We propose that these diagenetic processes might be due to organic-inorganic interaction between the dominant framework grains and the formation water. The Al, Si ions and organic acid, derived from dewatering of interbedded organic-rich shale and coals, were transported into the Jangseong sandstones. This caused changes in the chemistry of the formation water of the sandstones, and resulted in overgrowth of quartz and precipitation of authigenic clay minerals of kaolinite and illite. The secondary pores, produced during dissolution of clay and framework grains by organic acid and $CO_2$ gas, were conduit for silica-rich solution into the Jangseong sandstones and the influx of silica-rich solution produced the late-stage pyrophyllite after the expanse of kaolinite. The origin of the solution that formed pyrophyllite is not likely to be the organic-rich formation water based on the observation of fracture-filling pyrophyllite in the Jangseong sandstones, but the process of pyrophyllite pore-filling was indirectly related to organic-inorganic interaction.

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Studies on Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Tailings and Leachate Water in Yonghwa Mine, Yeongyang Area (영양 용화광산의 광미 및 침출수의 광물학적 및 지화학적 특성 연구)

  • Kang, Han;Kim, Young-Hun;Jang, Yun-Deug;Kim, Jeong-Jin
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.45 no.3
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    • pp.265-276
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    • 2012
  • Current study includes the analysis of mine tailings and leachate water and prediction of species originated from the tailings. The variation of contaminants were measured upon the distance from the tailings to the nearby stream. The ions concentration was highest at the tailings and pit mouth and it becomes lower as it goes far away from the origin. This is the reason that the leachate was diluted with the uncontaminated stream water. The tailings were mainly classified into reddish one and yellow one. The main mineral of reddish tailings were quarts, illite, plumbojarosite and a small amount of sphalerite. The main mineral of yellow tailings were muscovite, quarts, plumbojarosite, and a small amount of chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Pb and Zn were found in the leachate in high concentration and become the major contaminants. These come from the dissolution of plumbojarosite and sphalerite contained in the mine tailings.

The Efficiency of Fe Removal for Pyrophyllite by Ammonia Leaching Solution, and Their Dissolution Kinetics (암모니아 용출용액을 이용한 저 품위 엽납석으로부터 Fe 제거 효율과 용해 동역학)

  • Kim, Bong-Ju;Cho, Kang-Hee;Choi, Nag-Choul;Park, Cheon-Young
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.53-62
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    • 2014
  • In order to remove Fe impurity from low-grade pyrophyllite ore, the effect of certain variables such as particle size, concentration of sulfuric acid, amount of ammonium sulfate, added hydrogen peroxide, and temperature were studied. The euhedral cubic pyrites were observed in the low-grade pyrophyllite ore by reflected light microscopy, and quartz and dickite were identified in the sample by XRD analysis. The results of the Fe removal experiments showed that the best Fe removal parameters were when the particle size was at -325 mesh, the addition of $H_2SO_4$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $H_2O_2$ was at a 2.0 M, 10.0 g/l, and 3.0 M concentration, respectively, and at a $70^{\circ}C$ leaching temperature. In the dissolution kinetics analysis, the dissolution of Fe from the pyrite surface was a controlled chemical reaction, and the Fe dissolution reaction was proportioned to 0.066/R, $[H_2SO_4]^{1.156}$, $[(NH_4)_2SO_4]^{0.745}$, $[H_2O_2]^{0.428}$.

Formation Process of Barium Ferrite Crystallites in Molten Salts and its Magnetic properties (용융염내에서의 Ba-ferrite 결정의 생성과정 및 그 자기적 특성)

  • 정지형;김창곤;윤석영;신학기;김태옥
    • Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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    • v.38 no.11
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    • pp.1015-1022
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    • 2001
  • In this study, formation process of Ba-ferrite by using molten salt synthesis and its magnetic properties were investigated. Among starting materials, BaC $O_3$was only soluble in the molten salts, but other starting material such as $\delta$-FeOOH or F $e_2$ $O_3$was not soluble even at 105$0^{\circ}C$. It implies that the dissolved $Ba^{2+}$ diffused on surfaces of F $e_2$ $O_3$(or $\delta$-FeOOH), therefore, Ba-ferrtites were formed through surface reaction. However, the magnetic properties of Ba-ferrite prepared by two starting materials (F $e_2$ $O_3$and $\delta$-FeOOH) were not different. On the other hand, compared $\delta$-FeOOH with F $e_2$ $O_3$m, morphologies and dispersibility of Ba-ferrites prepared by using $\delta$-FeOOH were good and Ba-ferrites were obtaioned at lower temperature.

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Modeling Study on Deterioration of Stone Monuments in the Gyeongju Namsan Mountain by Acid Rain (산성비에 의한 경주남산지역 석조문화재의 손상 임상연구)

  • Do, Jin-Young;Choi, Gi-Joo;Cho, Hyen-Goo
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.35-47
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    • 2009
  • The deteriorations of stone monuments located in Gyeongju area are predicted in a modeling study. Artificial rain and accelerated weathering test are here applied to the Gyeongju Namsan granite and cement mortar. They are reacted with pH 4.0, pH 8.0 and pH 5.6 rain, respectively. The two former values are the limited acidity values in the Gyeongju (the acidity of rain of the Gyeongju were pH $4.93{\sim}6.39$ in 2005) and the latter is the limited acidity of acid rain. The rains of pH 5.6 and pH 8.0 reach close to a value of pH 7.0 after the reaction with the Gyeongju Namsan granite. After application of the artificial rain and weathering test, the weight of specimens were reduced and the contents of soluble ions in the specimens were increased. These results are attributable to solution of minerals in the specimens. At first, the microlithic have dissolved in ground from the reaction with acid rain. And then mainly quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase bound by the microlithic are disintegrated. The cement mortars are dissolved after the reaction with not only acid but alkali rain. The concentrations of ions in the dissolved cement mortar are higher than those in granite.

Geochemical Modeling on Water-caprock-gas Interactions within a CO2 Injected in the Yeongil Group, Pohang Basin, Korea (포항분지 영일층군 내 이산화탄소 주입에 의한 물-덮개암-가스 반응에 대한 지화학적 모델링)

  • Kim, Seon-ok;Wang, Sookyun;Lee, Minhee
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.54 no.1
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    • pp.69-76
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    • 2021
  • This study is to identify the mineralogical properties of caprock samples from drilling cores of the Pohang basin, which is the research area for the demonstration-scale CO2 storage project in Korea. The interaction of water-rock-gas that can occur due to CO2 injection was identified using geochemical modeling. Results of mineralogical studies, together with petrographic data of caprock and data on the physicochemical parameters of pore water were used for geochemical modeling. Modelling was carried out using the The Geochemist's Workbench 14.0.1 geochemical simulator. Two steps of modeling enabled prediction of immediate changes in the caprocks impacted by the first stage of CO2 injection and the assessment of long-term effects of sequestration. Results of minerlaogical analysis showed that the caprock samples are mainly composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase and a small amount of pyrite, calcite, kaolinite and montmollonite. After the injection of carbon dioxide, the porosity of the caprock increased due to the dissolution of calcite, and dawsonite and chalcedony were precipitated as a result of the dissolution of albite and k-feldspar. In the second step after the injection was completed, the precipitation of dawsonite and chalcedony occurred as a result of dissolution of calcite and albite, and the pH was increased due to this reaction. Results of these studies are expected to be used as data to quantitatively evaluate the efficiency of mineral trapping capture in long-term storage of carbon dioxide.

U-Pb(SHRIMP) and K-Ar Age Dating of Intrusive Rocks and Skarn Minerals at the W-Skarn in Weondong Deposit (원동 중석 스카른대에서의 관입암류와 스카른광물에 대한 U-Pb(SHRIMP) 및 K-Ar 연대)

  • Park, Changyun;Song, Yungoo;Chi, Se Jung;Kang, Il-Mo;Yi, Keewook;Chung, Donghoon
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.26 no.3
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    • pp.161-174
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    • 2013
  • The geology of the weondong deposit area consists mainly of Cambro-Ordovician and Carboniferous-Triassic formations, and intruded quartz porphyry and dyke. The skarn mineralized zone in the weondong deposit is the most prospective region for the useful W-mineral deposits. To determine the skarn-mineralization age, U-Pb SHRIMP and K-Ar age dating methods were employed. The U-Pb zircon ages of quartz porphyry intrusion (WD-A) and feldspar porphyry dyke (WD-B) are 79.37 Ma and 50.64 Ma. The K-Ar ages of coarse-grained crystalline phlogopite (WD-1), massive phlogopite (WDR-1), phlogopite coexisted with skarn minerals (WD-M), and vein type illite (WD-2) were determined as $49.1{\pm}1.1$ Ma, $49.2{\pm}1.2$ Ma, $49.9{\pm}3.6$ Ma, and $48.3{\pm}1.1$ Ma, respectively. And the ages of the high uranium zircon of hydrothermally altered quartz porphyry (WD-C) range from 59.7 to 38.7 Ma, which dependson zircon's textures affected by hydrothermal fluids. It is regarded as the effect of some hydrothermal events, which may precipitate and overgrow the high-U zircons, and happen the zircon's metamictization and dissolution-reprecipitation reactions. Based on the K-Ar age datings for the skarn minerals and field evidences, we suggest that the timing of W-skarn mineralization in weondong deposit may be about 50 Ma. However, for the accurate timing of skarn mineralization in this area, the additional researches about the sequence of superposition at the skarn minerals and geological relationship between skarn deposits and dyke should be needed in the future.