• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.21-34
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• 2023

This study identified the materials and construction methods of 'Old Wall' in 13 villages which were designated as National Registered Cultural Heritage at the time of designation and examined the their structural changes based on field survey. The results are as follows: First, the 'Old Wall' consisted of 10 Soil-Stone Wall and 5 Stone Wall. At the time of designation, Stone Wall, which was built irregularly by dry-construction of natural stones, is similar in shape, but Soil-Stone Wall showed difference by the construction method of making used stones, joints, and faces. Second, the study extracted the changes of 'Old Wall' by repair and examined the changes of construction methods as well as the substitution and addition of materials of structure. The wall-roof was built with cement roof-tile and asbestos slate which have the advantage improve durability and cost-effectiveness. In addition, tile-mouth soil was added to korean traditional roof-tile to prevent rainwater from flowing in. Besides, to improve constructional convenience, the natural stone of the wall-body was replaced with blast stone, float stone and cut stone. Cement block, cement brick and cement mortar were frequently used to repair as well. As Soil-Stone Wall was transformed from irregular pattern-construction to comb pattern-construction and wet-construction was changed to dry-construction, it caused landscape and structural problems. Also, the layer of cement mortar applied to wall-foundation blocked the flow of rainwater that was induced by dry-construction of natural stones. Third, the study regarded that the problem with the repair of 'Old Wall' may occur as it is located in living space, because the owner of the wall could repair for the minor damages without technical knowledge. In addition, it is difficult for repair companies in charge of maintenance of Cultural Heritage to supply local materials, and it is differential construction specifications are not applied.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1999

The Byokryon-Daejangbong valley forest in Keumsan area at Hallyo-Haesang National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 200m to 650m and part of the slope. Density, mean DBH, and basal area of the canopy trees were 820~1873trees/ha, 10.7~14.6cm, and 17.7~22.2$\m^2$/ha, respectively. With increasing elevation mean DBH and basal area of tree stratum increased while density of tree stratum decreased. As elevation increased the importance values of Quercus mongolioa, Styrax japonica, Acer pseudo-sieboldiannum, and Sorbus alnifolia increased while those of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Prunus sargentii, Cornus kousa, and Eurya japonica decreased. The importance values of Fraxinus sieboldiana, Quercus variabilis, and Sorbus alnifolia increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance values of Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, and Zelkova serrata, With incresing elevation number of species, species diversity, and evenness incresed and it was suggested that man interference was relatively severe. The range of similarity indices between elevation belts and between parts of the slope were 42.0~71.8% and 74.8~76.8%, respectively. According to importance values and cluster analysis, the studied valley forest was classified into four forest communities of Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community in low elevation belt, Carpinus laxiflora-deciduous tree species community in high elevation belt and lower and middle parts at middle elevation belt, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus laxiflora community in upper part at middle elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community in top area. There were significantly positive correlation among Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Eurya japonica and among Carpinus laxiflora, Zelkova serrata, and Cornus walteri.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2002

The valley forests located at the east-facing slope and the west facing slope in Hambaeksan area were studied to investigate forest structure in relation to aspect and altitude of the slope. There was little difference in density. mean DBH and basal area of the tree layer between east-facing slope and west-facing slope. The importance percentages of Tilia amurensis and Betula costata in west-facing slope were higher than those in east-facing slope. However, the importance percentages of Quercus mongilica and Fraxinus rhynchophylla in the west facing slope were lower than those in east-facing slope. Species diversity of the west-facing slope was 1.415 and that of the east-facing slope was 1.328. Elevation trends were also found for forest structure. As elevation Increased basal area and mean height of the tree layer decreased in both of east-facing slope and west-facing slope. There was a tendency that number of species, species diversity and evenness decreased with increasing elevation. The importance percentage of Quercus mongolica increased with increasing elevation while those of Betula costata and Maackia amurensis decreased. The result of cluster analysis for the tree and subtree layer indicated that the studied forests were classified into the mixed forest community of broad-leaved tree species at west-facing slope and the low and middle elevation belts of east-facing slope and Quercus mongolica community at the high elevation belt of east-facing slope. Quercus mongolica was significantly and positively correlated with Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes and deutzia glabrata. Betula costata was significantly and negatively correlated with Quercus mongolica and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2001

Background : Coal workers' pneumoconiosis is a fibrotic lung disease resulting from chronic inhalation of coal dust. The precise mechanism of lung fibrosis in coal workers' pneumoconiosis is uncertain. However, a relationship between the stimulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production by mediators released from in flammatory and resident lung cells is thought to be a major factor. The transforming growth factor-$\beta$(TGF-$\beta$), a multifunctional cytokine and growth factor, plays a key role in the scarring and fibrotic processes due to its ability to induce extracellular matrix proteins and modulate the growth and immune function of many cell types. To determine the involvement of TGF-$\beta$ in the development of lung fibrosis in coal workers' pneumoconiosis, the TGF-${\beta}_1$ level in plasma was measured in patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Methods : Plasma was collected from 40 patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (20 with simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis and 20 with complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis) and from 10 normal controls. The ELISA method was used to measure the plasma TGF-${\beta}_1$ concentration. Results : Compared to the control group ($0.63{\pm}01.8$ ng/mL), there was no significant difference in the plasma TGF-${\beta}_1$ level in patients with simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis ($0.64{\pm}0.17$ ng/mL) (p>0.05). However, in patients with complicated coal workers' pneumoconiosis the plasma TGF-${\beta}_1$ level ($0.79{\pm}0.18$ ng/mL) was significantly higher than in patients with simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis and the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion : The data suggests that TGF-${\beta}_1$ has some influence in the development of lung fibrosis in coal workers' pneumoconiosis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 1990

Pinus densiflora is not only widely distributed but also one of the most economically important timber species in Korea. In Korea, this species is classified into four local forms according to tree forms, as it has widely geographical variations. Trees of Ankang form are dwarfish nearly like shrubs, and those of Keumkang form are very tall and straight. Those of flatland and highland forms are exhibited in-between Ankang and Keumkang forms. This study was carried out to examine biomass, net production and production efficiency among four local forms of Pirzus densiflora forests growing in Korea. For the study, dimension analysis was used for trees and harvest method for shrubs and herbs in four 30-40 year-old stands showing the typical tree forms. Stand biomass of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms were 29.87, 110.89, 133.53 and 205.42 t/ha, respectively. As going in order of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms, the proportions of stem woods to total tree biomass increased while the proportions of stem barks, live branches, needles and roots showed a tendency to decrease. Stand net productions of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms were 3.716, 10.796, 13.097 and 16.500 t/ha yr., respectively. As going in order of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms, the proportions of stem woods and lire branches to total tree net production increased while the proportion of needles decreased. In case of live branches, the opposite trend of biomss and net production proportion may be resulted from the differences in the ratio of self-pruning. Net assimilation ratios of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms were 1.406, 1.920, 1.487 and 1.677, respectively. Efficiency of needles to produce stems in those forms were 0.239, 0.714, 0.572 and 0.771, respectively. Considering the difference in measuring time, net assimilation ratio and efficiency of needles to produce stems may increase as going in order of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.122-147
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• 2017

The Jungsandong sites are distributed across quartz and mica schist formations in Precambrian, and weathering layers include large amounts of non-plastic minerals such as mica, quartz, felspar, amphibole, chlorite and so on, which form the ground of the site. Neolithic pottery from Jungsandong exhibits various brown colors, and black core is developed along the inner part for some samples, and sharp comb-pattern and hand pressure marks can be observed. Their non-plastic particles have various composition, size distribution, sorting and roundness, so they are classified into four types by their characteristic mineral compositions. I-type (feldspar pottery) is including feldspar as the pain component or mica and quartz. II-type (mica pottery) is the combination of chloritized mica, talc, tremolite and diopside. III-type (talc pottery) is with a very small amount of quartz and mica. IV-type (asbestos pottery) is containing tremolite and a very small amount of talc. The inner and outer colors of Jungsandong pottery are somewhat heterogeneous. I-type pottery group shows differences in red and yellow degree, depending on the content of feldspar, and is similar to III-type pottery. II-type is similar to IV-type, because its red degree is somewhat high. The soil of the site is higher in red and yellow degree than pottery from it. The magnetic susceptibility has very wide range of 0.088 to 7.360(${\times}10^{-3}$ SI unit), but is differentiated according to minerals, main components in each type. The ranges of bulk density and absorption ratio of pottery seem to be 1.6 to 1.7 and 13.1 to 26.0%, respectively. Each type of pottery shows distinct section difference, as porosity and absorption ratio increase in the order as follows: I-type (organic matter fixed sample) < III-type and IV-type < I-type < II-type (including IV-type of IJP-15). The reason is that differences in physical property occur according to kind and size of non-plastic particles. Although Jungsandong pottery consists of mixtures of various materials, the site pottery has a geological condition on which all mineral composition of Jungsandong pottery can be provided. There, it is thought that raw materials can be supplied from weathered zone of quartz and mica schist, around the site. However, different constituent minerals, size and rock fragments are shown, suggesting the possibility that there can be more raw material pits. Thus, it is estimated that there may be difference in clay and weathering degree.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.41-56
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• 2021

The characteristics of the six rock cleavages(R1~H2) in Jurassic Hapcheon granite were analyzed using the distribution of ① microcrack lengths(N=230), ② microcrack spacings(N=150) and ③ Brazilian tensile strengths(N=30). The 18 cumulative graphs for these three factors measured in the directions parallel to the six rock cleavages were mutually contrasted. The main results of the analysis are summarized as follows. First, the frequency ratio(%) of Brazilian tensile strength values(kg/㎠) divided into nine class intervals increases in the order of 60~70(3.3) < 140~150(6.7) < 100~110·110~120(10.0) < 90~100(13.3) < 80~90(16.7) < 120~130·130~140(20.0). The distribution curve of strength according to the frequency of each class interval shows a bimodal distribution. Second, the graphs for the length, spacing and tensile strength were arranged in the order of H2 < H1 < G2 < G1 < R2 < R1. Exponent difference(λS-λL, Δλ) between the two graphs for the spacing and length increases in the order of H2(-1.59) < H1(-0.02) < G2(0.25) < G1(0.63) < R2(1.59) < R1(1.96)(2 < 1). From the related chart, the six graphs for the tensile strength move gradually to the left direction with the increase of the above exponent difference. The negative slope(a) of the graphs for the tensile strength, suggesting a degree of uniformity of the texture, increases in the order of H((H1+H2)/2, 0.116) < G((G1+G2)/2, 0.125) < R((R1+R2)/2, 0.191). Third, the order of arrangement between the two graphs for the two directions that make up each rock cleavage(R1·R2(R), G1·G2(G), H1·H2(H)) were compared. The order of arrangement of the two graphs for the length and spacing is reverse order with each other. The two graphs for the spacing and tensile strength is mutually consistent in the order of arrangement. The exponent differences(ΔλL and ΔλS) for the length and spacing increase in the order of rift(R, -0.08) < grain(G, 0.14) < hardway(H, 0.75) and hardway(H, 0.16) < grain(G, 0.23) < rift(R, 0.45), respectively. Fourth, the general chart for the six graphs showing the distribution characteristics of the microcrack lengths, microcrack spacings and Brazilian tensile strengths were made. According to the range of length, the six graphs show orders of G2 < H2 < H1 < R2 < G1 < R1(< 7 mm) and G2 < H1 < H2 < R2 < G1 < R1(≦2.38 mm). The six graphs for the spacing intersect each other by forming a bottleneck near the point corresponding to the cumulative frequency of 12 and the spacing of 0.53 mm. Fifth, the six values of each parameter representing the six rock cleavages were arranged in the order of increasing and decreasing. Among the 8 parameters related to the length, the total length(Lt) and the graph(≦2.38 mm) are mutually congruent in order of arrangement. Among the 7 parameters related to the spacing, the frequency of spacing(N), the mean spacing(Sm) and the graph (≦5 mm) are mutually consistent in order of arrangement. In terms of order of arrangement, the values of the above three parameters for the spacing are consistent with the maximum tensile strengths belonging to group E. As shown in Table 8, the order of arrangement of these parameter values is useful for prior recognition of the six rock cleavages and the three quarrying planes.