• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.12
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• pp.1635-1641
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• 2011

This study was designed to investigate antioxidant activities of pomegranate endocarp extracts. Pomegranate endocarp extract contains the highest antioxidant function compared to pomegranate extracts from other parts. Pomegranate endocarp extract was fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol extract, and water, followed by evaluation for antioxidant activity. During this experiment, various antioxidant tests such as nitrite scavenging activity, reducing power, superoxide anion scavenging activity, $ABTS^+$ scavenging activity, SOD like-activity, and DPPH radical scavenging activity were conducted on the $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, BuOH, $H_2O$ fractions of pomegranate endocarp extract. Results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity among the samples. For SOD like-activity, the dichloromethane fraction had the highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide anion scavenging activity, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest antioxidant activity. In the $ABTS^+$ scavenging activity test, the ethyl acetate fraction $IC_{50}$ was 39.26 ${\mu}g$/mL, whereas that of the butanol fraction was 40.95 ${\mu}g$/mL. In testing reduction power at 0.1 mg/mL, the O.D. of the ethyl acetate fraction was highest at 1.404 and showed higher activity than ascorbic acid at 1.332. The results of the nitrite scavenging activity test were very similar to those of the SOD like-activity test. These results suggest that pomegranate endocarp extract may have value as a natural antioxidant.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.138-156
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• 2002

Precambrian metamorphic rocks of southwest Sobaeksan massif consist of mainly granitic gneiss, porphyroblastic gneiss and quartzofeldspathic gneiss. The orthopyroxene-bearing rocks(charnockites) are found in the west of Hadong-Sancheong anorthosite complex. The charnockites are 3km wide, 12km long and divided into massive and foliated types based on their texture. The compositions of charnockites are comparable to granodiorite to adamellite and subalkaline. Variations in major and trace elemental abundances show typical magmatic differentiation trends. The geochemical data plotted on tectonic discrimination diagrams reveal that these charnockites were formed in the active tectonic environment. The massive and folidated charnockites are mainly composed of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, microcline, quartz and disseminated garnet. Camels generally show characteristic zonal textures with decreasing $X_{alm}$(0.74~0.83), $X_{Py}$ (0.07~0.12) and $X_{Mg}$ (0.12~0.08) and increasing $X_{grs}$(0.03~0.15) from core to rim. Metamorphic temperature and pressure of the charnockites estimated from orthopyroxene-garnet-plagioclase-quartz assemblages show wide range of variation of $600~900^{\circ}C$ and 2.5~7.5 kbar respectively. The results of P-T estimates indicate an anticlockwise P-T evolution path.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.431-434
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• 2005

The quantitative analytical method for major antioxidants, ellagic acid and punicalagin, in pomegranate husk (Granati pericarpium) were established by HPLC. The optimal HPLC conditions were as follows: Column; Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 ($4.6{\times}150mm,\;5{\mu}m$), mobile phase; 1% formic acid in water (A) and 1% formic acid in MeCN (B) (gradient elution of 5% to 100% B for 50 min), flow rate; 0.8 ml/min., detection; UV 254 nm. The optimal pre-treatment conditions for HPLC analysis were as follows: 5 g of pomegranate husk in 100 ml of 95% EtOH, refluxed for 3 h. Under these analytical conditions, punicalagin and ellagic acid contents in Korean pomegranates husks which were cultivated in five different sites were determined. As results, the ellagic acid and punicalagin (as a mixture of ${\alpha-\;and\;{\beta}-anomer$) contents were the highest in Haepyung pomegranate husk $(15.27{\mu}g/mg)$ and Jangsung pomegranate husk $(16.21{\mu}g/mg)$, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.342-347
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• 2013

In recent years, polyphenol-rich herbs, fruits and processed foods, which are made of plant origin, have attracted much attention due to their potential health benefits. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important source of bioactive compounds and has been used to treat diseases because of its medicinal properties. This research was focused on characterizing Korea's national cultivar and a similar product from California, USA. To evaluate their bioactive compounds and pharmacological activities, their anti-oxidation and cancer inhibition properties, as well as their organic acid and free sugar contents, were investigated. The national cultivar had low total sugar and high organic acid contents, contrary to the imported product. The results showed that the peel of national cultivar had high polyphenol and ellagic acid contents compared to imported product. The free radical scavenging capacity was evaluated via 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and its positive correlation with the total polyphenol contents was found. The anti-cancer activity of methanol extracts revealed growth inhibition against the prostate cancer cell. These results signify that while pomegranate, national cultivar, is more sour than the imported product, its health benefits could be excellent. Also, the polyphenol compound content of the non-edible part (such as the peel and the seed) was higher than that of the juice. Thus, it is suggested that the byproduct of the juice extraction could be potentially used in other fields such as medicine or dietary agents.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.357-366
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• 2015

Quorum sensing (QS) is involved in the process of cell-to-cell communication and as a gene regulatory mechanism, which has been implicated in bacterial pathogenicity. Bacteria use this QS system to control a variety of physiological processes. In this study, pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract (PPE) was first screened for its ability to inhibit QS in bio-reporter strains (Chromobacterium violaceum and C. violaceum CV026). Next, the ability of PPE to inhibit swimming motility and biofilm formation was examined in Y. enterocolitica. Additionally, changes in the expression of specific genes involved in the synthesis of the N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs; yenI and yenR) and in the flagellar regulon (fliA, fleB and flhDC) were evaluated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The results show that PPE specifically inhibited and reduced QS-controlled violacein production by 78.5% in C. violaceum CV026, and decreased QS-associated biofilm formation and swimming motility in Y. enterocolitica without significantly affecting bacterial growth. These inhibitory effects were also associated with the down-regulation of gene expression involved in the synthesis of AHLs and in motility. Our results suggest that PPE could be a potential therapeutic agent to prevent enteropathogens in humans, as well as highlight the need to further investigate the in vivo properties of PPE for clinical applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.160-164
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• 2015

The effects of different ingredient formulations on physicochemical qualities and consumer preferences were investigated using Baikseolgi incorporated with pomegranate concentrate (PC), a healthy food ingredient, as a model system. PC was incorporated into the formulation at five different amounts [0%, 1.6%, 3.3%, 5%, and 6.6% (w/w)] by replacing the equivalent amount of water added. After appropriate mixing, rice cakes were steamed and quality attributes were evaluated after cooling. The pH decreased while moisture content increased significantly with increased PC substitution (P<0.05). Lightness decreased significantly from 82.33 to 65.09 with higher incorporation of PC (P<0.05), indicating that the color of Baikseolgi became darker. Redness and yellowness, on the other hand, increased significantly (P<0.05). Hardness gradually increased as the PC content increased in the formulation (P<0.05). In addition, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities increased significantly (P<0.05), and they were well correlated. The overall consumer acceptance results indicate that incorporation of 1.6% PC in the formulation of Baikseolgi is recommended to take advantage of the health benefits of PC without sacrificing quality acceptance by consumers.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 2021

This study confirmed the potential of Punica granatum L. extract for functional activity verification and cosmetic development. The electron-donating ability of Punica granatum L. extract was shown 60.6% at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Its ABTS+ radical scavenging ability was shown 93.9% at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. Additionally, the inhibitive effects of elastase and collagenase inhibition effects were measured as 30% and 47.2%, respectively, at a 1,000 ㎍/ml concentration. To determine the effect of Punica granatum L. extract on the proliferation of fibroblasts (CCD-986sk), cell viability was measured using a 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. As a result, survival rates of 130% or higher at a 500 ㎍/ml concentration or less were confirmed. According to the results of Western blot with Punica granatum L. extract, the expression inhibition rates of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) were decreased by 23.2%, 81.9%, and 69.2%, respectively, at a 100 ㎍/ml concentration. Based on the results above, O/W liquid crystal cream with 0.1% Punica granatum L. extract was prepared. The stabilities were tested at 4, 25, 45, and 50℃. By checking the pH, change over time, and stability by temperature, it was confirmed that all were stable for one month. Thus, Punica granatum L. extract shows potential as a natural material for cosmetics.

• 베이커리
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• no.3 s.344
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• pp.144-145
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• 1997

• Landscaping Tree
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• v.78 no.1_2
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• pp.19-23
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• 2004

• Landscaping Tree
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• s.100
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• pp.40-41
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• 2007