• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2018

This study was carried out to define the characteristics of the identified ground-dwelling invertebrate communities at Nari basin and Tonggumi area in Ulleungdo Island, designated as a nationally important agricultural heritage. The habitat types were divided into the following categories: crop land, forest, and ecotone, and the soil-dwelling invertebrates were collected according to habitat type. The ground-dwelling invertebrates were collected using a pitfall trap, and a self-organizing map (SOM) was applied to the invertebrates dataset to define the characteristics in invertebrates distribution. The SOM clearly classified the relevant information into four clusters, and extracted ecological information from the invertebrates dataset. The cluster II was composed of invertebrate communities which are collected in the Tonggumi area. The Tonggumi area is where mountainous areas were developed for agricultural purposes, which has geographical features commonly observed in Ulleungdo Island. It is noted that the cluster II has different characteristics as compared other clusters. The results of this study are expected to be used for the preservation of agricultural environment and maintenance of biodiversity by providing basic data, on the biotope of Ulleungdo Island designated as a nationally important agricultural heritage and information on the characteristics of the applicable ground-dwelling invertebrate communities.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.962-969
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• 2016

This study assessed the ecological and behavioral characteristics of the sika deer from April 2012 to August 2016. To obtain basic information on the behavioral patterns of the sika deer (Cervus nippon) including their annual home range, sika deer wearing GPS tracking collars were released into 1,385 locations at a different altitude around where they had been captured in Songnisan. The released individuals were studied through home range analysis. According to our observations, annual home ranges of the sika deer (n=6) is seen to be $2.24{\pm}1.50km^2$ (t=3.648, p<0.05) of MCP 95% for the entire area of home range and $0.46{\pm}0.31km^2$ (t=3.666, p<0.05)$km^2$ of FK 50% for the home range core area respectively. The annual home ranges of the sika deers by sex were $2.94km^2$ for female and $1.53km^2$ for male. This study is expected to provide basic data for habitat management and ecological study of sika deer and to contribute to the management of wild animals.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.379-392
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• 2014

This study was performed to predict the future climate envelope of Pinus pumila, a subalpine plant and a Climate-sensitive Biological Indicator Species (CBIS) of Korea. P. pumila is distributed at Mt. seorak in South Korea. Suitable habitat were predicted under two alternative RCPscenarios (IPCC AR5). The SDM used for future prediction was a Maxent model, and the total number of environmental variables for Maxent was 8. It was found that the distribution range of P. pumila in the South Korean was $38^{\circ}7^{\prime}8^{{\prime}{\prime}}N{\sim}38^{\circ}7^{\prime}14^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ and $128^{\circ}28^{\prime}2^{{\prime}{\prime}}E{\sim}128^{\circ}27^{\prime}38^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$ and 1,586m~1,688m in altitude. The variables that contribute the most to define the climate envelope are altitude. Climate envelope simulation accuracy was evaluated using the ROC's AUC. The P. pumila model's 5-cv AUC was found to be 0.99966. which showed that model accuracy was very high. Under both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the climate envelope for P. pumila is predicted to decrease in South Korea. According to the results of the maxent model has been applied in the current climate, suitable habitat is $790.78km^2$. The suitable habitats, are distributed in the region of over 1,400m. Further, in comparison with the suitable habitat of applying RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 suitable habitat current, reduction of area RCP8.5 was greater than RCP4.5. Thus, climate change will affect the distribution of P. pumila. Therefore, governmental measures to conserve this species will be necessary. Additionally, for CBIS vulnerability analysis and studies using sampling techniques to monitor areas based on the outcomes of this study, future study designs should incorporate the use of climatic predictions derived from multiple GCMs, especially GCMs that were not the one used in this study. Furthermore, if environmental variables directly relevant to CBIS distribution other than climate variables, such as the Bioclim parameters, are ever identified, more accurate prediction than in this study will be possible.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.135-146
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• 2015

This study was carried out to understand ecological characteristics of Korean goral such as home range, seasonal home range and habitat use and used for Korean goral restoration and conservation, through a pair of gorals in the north Gyeongbuk province of Korea. With data from GPS collars, we analyzed the behavioral characteristics of the endangered Korean gorals(n=2) in Uljin area from June 2013 to July 2014. As a result, their home range was $1.38{\pm}0.24km^2$ in MCP 95%, $0.81{\pm}0.09km^2$ in FK 95% and $0.15{\pm}0.16km^2$ in FK 50% (t=8.118, p>0.05). Seasonal home range for MCP 95% was $0.74{\pm}0.31km^2$ > (winter) > $0.71{\pm}0.27km^2$ (spring) > $0.61{\pm}0.06km^2$ (autumn) > $0.27{\pm}0.04km^2$ (summer) (F=2.135 p>0.05). It showed that home range in winter was the largest and that in summer was the smallest. Mean elevation of male for seasonal habitat use was $440.18{\pm}71.32m$ in summer and that of female was $727.25{\pm}99.98m$ in spring. The lowest altitude for male was $372.72{\pm}70.79$ and female was $664.60{\pm}139.71m$. It meant that there were seasonal change and thus annual and seasonal behavior characteristics for both sexes had different correlation according to elevation change. Although in this study the correlation with prey in habitat and the changes of habitat disturbance were not clearly investigated, We could understand goral home range and habitat use through research data.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2022

The survey of bird community characteristics was carried out four times on 2016 and 2017, respectively May and October to figure out effects of the manmade small ecosystem, Anseong. Twenty five species and 94 individuals were observed in the study area. The dominant species were Passer montanus 19.1%, Pica pica 12.8%, Cyanopica cyana 8.51%, Sinosuthora webbiana and Carduelis sinica ussuriensis respectively 7.45%, the diversity of the species was 2.787. With migration, the highest number and percentage to the lowest was residents 72.0%, summer visitors 20.0% and winter visitors 8.00%. Among 22 species which bred (check or possibility) in the manmade small ecology, Anseong, canopy (C) was 54.5%, hole (H) was 31.8%, bush (B) was 9.09% and ground (G) was 4.55% in their nesting guilds. In foraging guilds in breeding season was canopy (C) was 69.6%, bush (C) was 21.7%, water (W) and ground (G) was respectively 4.35%, and in non-breeding season, canopy was 64.0%, bush 24.0%, ground was 8.00% and water 4.00%. In the study site, the manmade habitats for birds were nest box and wetland (rain garden). In 7 nest box, Parus major was uesd 1 nest box as their breeding on 2016 and 2017, and Passer montanus was used 1 nest box on 2017. We assumed that sustainable rainwater supply may be important to attract many birds in rain garden, the manmade habitat for birds.Unfortunately, however, no birds used rain garden (wetland) as their habitats due to water shortage.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.594-600
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to observe the period of mating calls of cicadas in South Korea to identify the emergence period and geographic distribution for each cicada species. The study sites were 19 protection areas nationwide. The mating calls of cicadas were collected over the 12 months of 2019. A bioacoustics measuring device was installed to record the mating calls of cicadas in WAV, 44,100Hz format for 1 minute every hour. The temperature was recorded once or twice every hour using a micro-meteorological measuring device. Nine species of Korean cicadinae were studied. The start and end periods of mating calls were recorded for each cicada species for the subsequent analysis. The analysis results showed that nine cicada species appeared in the 19 protection areas. The chronological order of mating call periods for each species was as follows: Cryptotympana atrata (7/12 - 9/30), Meimuna opalifera (7/27 - 10/20), Hyalessa fuscata (7/25 - 10/9), Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata (7/28 - 9/5), Platypleura kaempferi (7/3 - 9/29), Suisha coreana (9/14 - 10/30), Leptosemia takanonis (6/26 - 8/2), Auritibicen intermedius (7/27 - 9/28), and Meimuna mongolica (8/8 - 9/11). The mating call period was between 35 (Meimuna mongolica) and 89 (Platypleura kaempferi) days, with the average being 62 days. The elevation above sea level for the habitats of each species was as follows: 5 - 386 m for Cryptotympana atrata, 7 - 759 m for Meimuna opalifera, 7 - 967 m for Hyalessa fuscata, 42 - 700m for Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, 7 - 700 m for Platypleura kaempferi, 5 - 759 m for Suisha coreana, 7 - 759 m for Leptosemia takanonis, 397 - 967 m for Auritibicen intermedius, and 7 - 42 m for Meimuna mongolica. The average temperature of the habitats of each species was as follows: 23.9℃ for Cryptotympana atrata, 21.8℃ for Meimuna opalifera, 22℃ for Hyalessa fuscata, 23℃ for Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, 22.9℃ for Platypleura kaempferi, 14.6℃ for Suisha coreana, 20.6℃ for Leptosemia takanonis, 19.3℃ for Auritibicen intermedius, and 24.4℃ for Meimuna mongolica. In terms of the habitat distribution of species, Meimuna opalifera, Hyalessa fuscata, and Platypleura kaempferi were distributed in more than 15 protection sites. Cryptotympana atrata was distributed in the lowlands in the southwest. Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata was distributed in the western area of the Korean Peninsula. Suisha coreana was distributed in areas excluding high mountain areas and parts of the southeast area. Leptosemia takanonis was distributed in areas near the mountains. Auritibicen intermedius was distributed locally in the high mountain areas. Meimuna mongolica was distributed locally in flat wetlands.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.153-156
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• 1986

A pot (1/200a) experiment was conducted to find out the changes of soil and water temperature on the several paddy soil weeds (Duck weed, Algae and Floatin fern) growing condition. The results obtained were shown as follows; 1. Diurnal maximum soil and water temperature were lowered by 2 to $3^{\circ}C$ under duck weed growing condition while minimum soil and water temperature were higher in $0.5^{\circ}C$ and/or similar tendency than that of bare paddy soil condition. 2. The changes of soil and water temperature were lowered by 0.1 to $0.3^{\circ}C$ at sunny day under Duck weed growing condition but was higher in 0.1 ta $0.4^{\circ}C$ at rainy, cloudy and after rainy day than that of bare paddy soil. 3. Soil and water temperature were higher about 0.3 to $1.0^{\circ}C$ under algae growing condition than that of bare paddy condition. 4. The effects of keeping warm efficiency were high in order of Duck weed > Duck weed with algae > algae > bare paddy soil condition.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.302-306
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• 2011

Amur's long-tailed goral(Naemorhedus Caudatus) winter scats inhabitants of Wolaksan National Park were surveyed between 2006 and 2009. The scats included seeds of Hovenia dulcis and we confirmed germination of seed from the scats in the spring. 600 dulcis seeds goral scats were collected in the same location and period and 600 normal seeds were also observed in order to study the effect of goral on germination of dulcis. All of the seed(totally 1,200) were cultured in the same condition. As a result, germination rates of seeds from the goral scats and normal seeds were 32.5% and 0.8% respectively. So we confirmed that dulcis seeds in goral habitats germinate approximately 40 times more than without goral.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.109-118
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• 2015

This study was performed to propose the site selection plan for the restoration of the target Reeve's turtle (Maunemys reevesii) habitat and has developed the AHP model to select the optimal site for Reeve's turtle habitat restoration on the basis of the Reeve's turtle Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) items (factors and variables). The assessment areas were established by the Reeve's turtle HSI factors such as breeding space, feed, cover, water, threatening factors and others and the sub-assessment items by each assessment area were established based on the Reeve's turtle HSI variables. The weighting values of the assessment areas and items were calculated by the developed AHP method. The weighting values of the 5 assessment areas were arranged in order as breeding space(0.293), food(0.273), water(0.217), cover(0.113), and threatening factor(0.104). The final weighting values of the 17 assessment items were arranged in order of height as all kind of food(0.222), water depth(0.096), altitude of spawning ground(0.093). The scoring criteria according to the assessment items and factors were marked and applied by equal intervals considering the criteria by HSI items of the Reeve's turtle and finally the scoring criteria diagram as been proposed for the optimal site selection of the Reeve's turtle habitat restoration.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

This study examined the status of the vegetation around Gangcheonsan provincial park located in Sunchang-gun in Jeollabuk-do and Damyang-gun in Jeollanam-do from June 4 to October 12, 2011. Gangcheonsan vegetation was arranged 9 plant communities in accordance with data of 28 releves. Major forest vegetation included Quercus variabilis communityand Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community, Pinus densiflora community, and Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community (evergreen coniferous forest in all), and Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis community (plantation). Wetland vegetation included Salix gracilistyla community (riverbank forests), Phragmites japonica community, and Polygonia thunbergii community. Gangcheonsan Provincial Park has beautiful scenery that is in harmony with fantastically-shaped rocks, waterfalls, and valleys and conserves a specific plant community habitat distributed through the forest wetlands including its valleys. It is necessary to conduct long-term monitoring with its focus on Pinus densiflora community, Lycoris koreana community, and Lycoris squamigera community in the provincial park to grasp the characteristics of ecological inhabit changes in major communities and provide active methods for conservation, restoration, and publicity.