• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.123-130
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• 2018

Many massively multiplayer online games(MMOG) use client-server architectures that have enormous server-side bandwidth requirements. In this paper, we propose a region-based hybrid game architecture that combines the advantages of client-server and peer-to-peer architectures, so that only critical events changing game state are processed by the server. In this hybrid architecture, the central server divides the game into regions and assigns a player as a regional server to distribute important updates for that region. Thus, the central server sends state updates to the players through the regional servers. All players in the same region directly exchange updates without affecting game state. This division of labor greatly reduces server bandwidth significantly and enables it to serve larger number of concurrent players. Our experiments show that the region-based hybrid architecture with three-level hierarchy scales better than the client-server architecture, saving considerable bandwidth at the central server while requiring enough bandwidth of players acting as regional servers.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.29-37
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• 2013

Multiplayer games typically organized based on a client-server(CS) or peer-to-peer(PP) architecture. The CS architecture is not scalable with the number of players due to a large bandwidth requirement at the server. The PP architecture, on the other hand, introduces significant overhead for the players, as each player needs to check the consistency between its local state and the state of all other players. We then propose a method that combines the merits of CS and PP. In this method, players exchange updates with lower priority in a peer-to-peer manner but communicate directly with a central server for the other updates. As a result, the proposed method has a lower network bandwidth requirement than the server of a CS architecture and the server bandwidth bottleneck is removed. For another important issue about multiplayer games, this method always maintains state consistency among players correctly. The performance of this method is evaluated through extensive simulation experiments and analysis.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2024

In a hybrid architecture that combines the technological advantages of P2P(peer-to-peer) and cloud computing, it is possible to efficiently supply resources and allocate loads. In other words, by appropriately utilizing the processing power of the players constituting P2P as well as the server in the cloud computing environment, MMOG(Massively Multiplayer Online Game) can be configured that considers the scale of economic cost and service quality. In fact, the computing power and communication bandwidth of servers in the cloud are important demand-based resources. The more it is used when renting, the higher the cost, while the quality of service improves. On the other hand, if the player's processing power is utilized a lot, the quality of service deteriorates relatively while the economic cost decreases. In this paper, a bandwidth adjustment technique between servers and players for MMOG based on this hybrid structure is described. When the number of players running at the same time increases, the players' actions are appropriately distributed to servers and players to effectively utilize the server's computing power and communication volume. Simulation results show that in the MMOG based on cloud and P2P hybrid architecture, the bandwidth of the server is proportionally decreased as the bandwidth directly handled by players is increased.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.143-150
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• 2019

Cloud computing has recently become an attractive solution for massively multiplayer online games(MMOGs), as it lifts operators from the burden of buying and maintaining hardware. Peer-to-peer(P2P) -based solutions present several advantages, including the inherent scalability, self-repairing, and natural load distribution capabilities. We propose a hybrid architecture for MMOGs that combines technological advantages of two different paradigms, P2P and cloud computing. An efficient and effective provisioning of resources and mapping of load are mandatory to realize an architecture that scales in economical cost and quality of service to large communities of users. As the number of simultaneous players keeps growing, the hybrid architecture relieves a lot of computational power and network traffic, the load on the servers in the cloud by exploiting the capacity of the peers. For MMOGs, besides server time, bandwidth costs represent a major expense when renting on-demand resources. Simulation results show that by controlling the amount of cloud and user-provided resource, the proposed hybrid architecture can reduce the bandwidth at the server while utilizing enough bandwidth of players.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.10e
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• pp.514-516
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• 2002

최근의 무선통신 기술의 발전은 사용자가 이동하면서 멀티미디어 서비스를 제공받는 것을 가능하게 하였다. 하지만 무선망의 특성상 높은 대역폭을 요구하는 비디오 스트림을 이동컴퓨터가 서비스 받기에는 많은 문제점이 있다. 이런 문제점들을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 본 논문에서는 유무선망 사이에 중재역할을 하는 프록시 서버를 이용하여 이동 컴퓨터가 멀티미디어 서버로부터 비디오 스트림을 서비스 받을 때, 사용자가 요구하는 대역폭을 유무선 환경에 맞추어 적절하게 조절하는 기법을 제안한다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.25 no.6A
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• pp.918-926
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• 2000

A huge storage and broad bandwidth are required to provide subscribers with VoD services. Hence, there is a huge amount of cost in establishing networks for VoD services. To determine how to reduce the cost, a number of studies involving such as distributed server systems, multicasting, program caching, stream sharing, are currently in progress. In this paper, a request criterion for multicast service and the ratio of required bandwidth for unicast to multicast are generated. The effect of multicast service on network bandwidth, server bandwidth, and buffer size was analyzed and validated through computer simulation. The results of this study could be applied to efficient designing networks for VoD services.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.357-367
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• 2004

In VOD systems the number of channels available to a video server is limited since the number of channels, the video server can support, is determined by the communication bandwidth of the video server. Multicast techniques such as batching, patching and batch-patching have been proposed to reduce I/O demand on the video server by sharing multicast data. In this paper, we propose a channel reservation batch-patching technique that first applies the batching technique to hot video requests and then applies the patching technique to the batches of the hot video requests. And the proposed technique reserves a part of the channel capacity of the video server for many hot video requests, so that the hot video requests can be served without defection. The performance of the proposed technique is compared with those of Patching and Batch-Patching techniques in terms of average service latency, defection rate, fairness and frame reduction rate by simulations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.3-6
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• 2002

이동 컴퓨팅에서의 배터리 한계, 제한된 대역폭의 단점 보안을 위해서 이동 클라이언트에 캐쉬를 사용한다. 이 경우 빠른 질의 응답과 대역폭 절약면에서는 효과적이지만, 서버와의 캐쉬 일관성을 유지해야 하는 단점이 있다. 통신의 오랜 단절로 인해 서버로부터 무효화보고만으로 유효성을 확인할 수 없을 때, 캐쉬내의 전체 데이터를 버리든지 캐쉬 내의 데이터 유효성에 대해 서버에게 요청해야 한다. 본 논문에서는 가장 최근에 질의된 데이터와 질의 빈도수를 유지하여 유효성 확인 요청시 효율적으로 대역폭을 감소할 수 있는 최근 질의테이블을 이용한 캐쉬 유효성 기법을 제안한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.71-77
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• 2001

현재 급속히 발전하는 정보통신시스템은 산업계에 전형적인 중대한 변화를 가져왔다. 새롭고 향상된 하드웨어에 의해 진행된 클라이언트/서버 환경의 혁명적인 변화는 정보의 공유와 저장, 이동이 비약적으로 발전하고 있다. 광역 네트워크(WAN)는 그 대역폭의 제한을 풀고 무제한의 대역폭으로 넓혀가고 있다. 이제 곧 10배나 빠른 LAN 속도로 상호 연결된 수백만의 서버가 존재하는 네트워크가 지구상에 구축될 것이다. (중략)

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.08a
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• pp.115-116
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 광대역 인터넷 이용자를 위한 고품질 VoD(Video on Demand) 서비스 네트워크와 플랫폼 구조를 제시하였다. 현재의 IP 기반 네트워크는 서비스를 위한 네트워크 대역폭을 보장하지 못한다. 따라서 고품질의 VoD 서비스를 위해서는 이러한 문제의 해결이 필수적이며 여기서는 지역 서버기반의 네트워크 구조를 제시하고 플랫폼을 구축하였다. 지역서버는 트래픽과 지역성을 고려하여 구축되었으며 이용자는 서비스 이용시 대역폭이 가장 잘 보장될 수 있는 지역 서버로 연결된다. 네트워크의 균형적인 트래픽 제어 및 고품질 서비스를 위하여 트래픽 양을 예측하고 이에 기반한 플랫폼을 구축하였다. 현재 이 플랫폼을 기반으로 KT 광대역 인터넷 이용자를 위한 VoD 서비스가 제공되고 있다.