• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.282-282
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• 2009

환경오염에 대한 우려 및 안전농산물에 대한 소비자욕구 증대로 유기농산물 시장규모가 최근 3년간 2.8배 성장 추세이다. 친환경농산물 인증면적은 '00년 2,039 ha에서 '07년 122,882 ha로 급격히 증가하고 있으나 생태적 원리에 부합된 벼 재배기술이 부족하며 특히 무경운 논토양에 대한 경영분석 자료는 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구는 유기농업기술을 종합적으로 투입한 시범마을을 육성하기 위하여 하동군 양보면 예성마을 1ha를 대상으로 관행농업과 무경운 자운영 피복 벼 기계이앙을 실증하여 경제적인 효과를 검토하였다. 토양 관리를 위해 2007년 9월 10일에 자운영을 3 kg/10a 파종하여 겨울철 토양 생태계를 유지하였고 화학비료나 농약을 사용하지 않았다. 볍씨 소독은 마른 종자를 60 $^{\circ}C$에서 8분간 침지하는 열탕침법을 이용하였으며 논 물담기는 5월 28일경 15 cm 이상 깊게 하여 자운영이 잘 분해되도록 하였다. 기계이앙은 6월 10일경 표면 1 cm 이내의 물 깊이에서 식부장치를 최대한 깊게하고 주수는 주당 5-7주 정도로 실시하였으며 기계이앙 후에는 5일 정도 물을 담지 않고 그대로 두고 그 후 물을 10 cm 이상 깊게 하여 잡초발생을 억제하였다. 중간낙수는 7월 10일경 1회 처리하였고 수확기 낙수는 9월 23일 실시하였다. 무경운 처리구의 이앙전 토양 가밀도는 관행 1.30 g $cm^{-3}$ 비해 0.09 g $cm^{-3}$ 정도 가벼운 것으로 나타났고 공극률은 관행 50.8%에 비해 3.5% 높은 것으로 나타났으며 특히 수분률이 3.5% 높았다. 무경운 자운영 피복 기계이앙 처리구의 잡초발생 건물량은 7월 4일경 피 8.8 g $m^{-2}$, 여뀌 10.8 g $m^{-2}$ 이었으며 9월 18일에는 피 16.0 g $m^{-2}$, 여뀌 12.3 g $m^{-2}$였다. 수확기 관행처리구의 주당 이삭수는 16.7개, 수당립수는 101개, 천립중은 25.4 g, 등숙비율은 82.3%로 수량은 517 kg $10a^{-1}$ 였으며 무경운 자운영 피복 기계이앙은 주당 이삭수가 14.1개, 수당 립수는 103개, 천립중은 26.2 g, 등숙비율은 91.2%로 수량이 456 kg $10a^{-1}$였다. 무경운 자운영피복 벼 기계이앙은 기경작업이나 시비작업 등이 없으므로 노동력이 60% 절감되었으며 농가소득은 5% 증대되었다. 따라서 농업분야 저탄소 녹색성장과 관련하여 자연 생태계를 보전하면서 농가소득을 유지할 수 있는 방법으로 무경운 자운영 피복 벼 기계이앙이 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1076-1080
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• 2007

최근 국내에서는 하천변 생태계를 대상으로 생태구조 및 서식처 평가 등 많은 연구가 진행되었음에도 불구하고 생태적 변화를 예측하고 예측된 결과에 따라 생태복원 대책을 수립할 수 있는 연구는 현재까지 미흡하다고 볼 수 있으며, 이는 생태복원 연구에 있어 주요과제라고 할 수 있다. 이에 반해 유럽과 미국에서는 수문학적 서식처 조건에 따른 식생 반응 예측 등 수문생태 모형에 대한 연구가 꾸준히 이루어져 왔으며, 최근에는 습지, 홍수터 등을 대상으로 생태보전 복원분야에 널리 응용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 국외의 수문생태모형 적용사례를 분석하여 국내 적용가능성 및 문제점에 대한 타당성을 제시하고자 하였다. 그 대상으로는 유역 내에 홍수량 분담을 위한 천변저류지를 적용하였으며, 의미상으로 홍수터(범람원), 습지 역시 해당 범위에 포함할 수 있다. 천변저류지는 홍수기와 비홍수기에 따라 활용 측면을 구분할 수 있으며, 이런 맥락에서 천변저류지의 수위변화는 식생 변화의 중요한 요소(factor)가 될 수 있다. 그 외 범람시기, 범람일수, 건조기간 등을 포함한 수문요소 역시 수문생태 모델의 예측 변수인 식생 성장에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이러한 수문/생태시스템의 상호관계를 활용하고 모형의 형태를 국내 식생에 대한 생리학적 특성에 맞게 변화시킬 수 있다면 국내 천변저류지에도 충분히 적용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한 잠재적으로 식생 성장에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다양한 환경조건 예를 들면 영양물질, 토양구조, 토사 퇴적 등을 적용대상지 환경에 맞게 포함하거나 고려할 수 있다면 모형의 재현성을 더욱 높일 수 있을 것이다.의 기대효과를 가져올 수 있으리라 생각되며 분석된 인자들은 수달 서식지를 위한 하천정비의 기초자료에 유용할 것으로 보인다.따른 유량측정망을 구축하는 것이다.의 의사결정 지원 도구가 될 것이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 도시유역의 물순환 해석을 위한 일련의 과정, 즉 자료의 조사 및 취득에서부터 물순환 해석 모형을 이용한 정량적 현황파악, 물순환 개선 기법 및 평가를 수행함에 있어 주요 착안점 및 실무에서의 기술적 가이드를 제공하고자 하였으며, 보다 세밀한 도시유역의 물순환 해석을 위하여 우리나라와 일본에서 적용이 활발한 물리적 기반의 분포형 모형(WEP, SHER, SWMM)의 적용사례를 통하여 국내 도시하천의 물순환 해석에 활용함에 있어서의 실질적인 적용절차 등을 제시하고자 하였다. 한다.호강유역의 급격한 수질개선을 알 수 있다.世宗實錄) $\ulcorner$지리지$\lrcorner$(地理志)와 동년대에 동일한 목적으로 찬술되었음을 알 수 있다. $\ulcorner$경상도실록지리지$\lrcorner$(慶尙道實錄地理志)에는 $\ulcorner$세종실록$\lrcorner$(世宗實錄) $\ulcorner$지리지$\lrcorner$(地理志)와의 비교를 해보면 상 중 하품의 통합 9개소가 삭제되어 있고, $\ulcorner$동국여지승람$\lrcorner$(東國與地勝覽) 에서는 자기소와 도기소의 위치가 완전히 삭제되어 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.227-235
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• 2005

This study aimed at suggesting management policy directions for the uninhabited islands of Korea which are national land resources with economic potential for tourism and development and strategic value for boundary delineation of territorial waters and exclusive economic zone as well as their unique ecological status. Review of existing management arrangements related to the uninhabited islands revealed six management issues to be addressed: insufficient data and their low reliability, lack of management policy directions, increase in ecosystem deterioration and perturbation by human activities, lack of policy measures for meeting utilization and development demands, weak management base with insufficient personnel and budget, and legal measures not taking Into account their unique ecological and socioeconomic characteristics. The management policy directions to improve the management of the uninhabited islands of Korea include management directions and strategies, and suggestions for legal improvement. Considering the unique ecological value of the uninhabited islands, management directions suggested are anti-degradation in which current and future demands for their utilization and development do not degrade the ecological potential of the uninhabited islands and integration in which land and sea areas are managed as an integrated management unit. Four strategies proposed to follow the management directions are enhancement of the knowledge base through a comprehensive survey, development and legislation of guidelines for the rational management of utilization and development demands, establishment of the comprehensive island debris collection and disposal system, and enhancement of management capacity. Legal improvement for the effective implementation of the management policy directions should include comprehensive uninhabited islands survey, legal utilization restraints and management guidelines based on classification of the islands, management boundary, and improvement of regulations on designated islands.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-187
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• 2002

Constructed wetland was built for industrial factory wastewater treatment with environmentally sound method from July to October, 2000. Ultimately this case study was carried out to conserve water quality of river and underground water and to provide wildlife habitat and rest place for people in the industrial area. The size of constructed wetland was 10m$\times$6m (upper area) with a treatment capacity of 2.5㎥ per day. It was supplied with wastewater 0.625㎥ at intervals of six hours. Vertical flow system was chosen to promote efficiency. Draining layer was built one meter in soil depth out of sand mixed with pebbles in a ratio of two to one. Perennial emergent plants, Phragmites communis, Typha orientalis, Juncus effusus, Iris pseudoacorus, 20 individuals per square meter were planted. In the aspect of reusing, eco-pond was created for increasing biological species diversity and also deck and information signboard were established for the education of environment. As the result of monitoring, it was revealed that the constructed wetland was effective in removal of BOD$_{5}$, COD, T-N, T-P and has being gradually improved as a wildlife habitat(biotope).

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1B
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• pp.53-60
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• 2010

A wetland is an ecosystem which has high species diversity, rich nutritional substances and high productivity. In this study we used the HGM(Hydrogeomorphic) approach among various evaluation models for the assessment of the Hwapo riverine wetland function. HGM is a method which estimates the functional index of a study wetland by comparing it with a reference wetland. In this study the Woopo wetland which is registered in the Ramsar Convention was selected as a reference wetland to assess the functional index of the Hwapo wetland. As the results, we obtained the functional index values over 0.6 for most indices of the Hwapo riverine wetland. Therefore we found that the Hwapo riverine wetland shows relatively high functional index values comparing with the Woopo wetland and it has valuable hydrological, biochemical, plant habitat, and animal habitat functions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.129-137
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• 2008

Alien apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata, Pomacea insularus) used in environmentally-friendly agriculture are different from indigenous snails found in Korea. Due to high herbicidal effects and cost-effectiveness, the number of farmers using the snails has been growing every year since 2000. Moreover, in 2008, because of the outbreaks of avian influenza throughout the country from March to May, 2008, central and local governments recommended the use of alien apple snails in agriculture as an alternative to the ducks-oriented environmentally-friendly agriculture. Therefore, it is expected that the use of alien apple snails in agriculture should be expanded in a near future. Since alien apple snails lay eggs with 95.8% of eclosion rate, they are considered to be potential pests unlike indigenous snails. In addition, Japan, Taiwan and most of the southeast Asian countries had already experienced severe ecological and agricultural damage by the alien apple snails. Subsequently, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) designated P. canaliculata as one of "the 100 of the world's worst invasive alien species". It seems highly likely that the alien apple snails in Korea pose a potential threat to conservation of ecosystem and biodiversity since the snails were either found or invaded into the natural environments in some regions of Gangwon-Do and southern parts of Korean Peninsula. However, just recently, agricultural authorities and farmers using alien apple snails in agriculture opposed a proposition of designating the alien apple snails as an ecosystem-disturbing animal described by the Wildlife Protection Act. This is because there has been no concrete evidence of the ecological risk imposed by the alien snails up to now in Korea. Subsequently, in this paper, we analysed the ecological and agricultural risks imposed by the alien snails from the studies done in domestic and abroad. In addition, we proposed an urgent need and reasoning for ecological risk management of the alien snails at the national level as well as using the snails in agriculture.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.3-37
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• 2012

In perspective of biodiversity conservation and protected areas (PAs), the aims of the study are to review the mid-long term national plans, which deal with national territory and environment in Korea, and to find out the way to improve this issue. Key issues were drawn by referring "Biodiversity 2011-2020 Strategic Targets" and "Protected Area Decision" in CBD CoP-10 and 7 National comprehensive or basic Plans were reviewed. Quoting Biodiversity 2011-2020 Strategic Target 5, "By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced", most of national plans included various methods such as "No Net Loss of Green", "No Net Loss of Wetlands", and so on. Regarding the target 11, "By 2020, at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water, and 10% of coastal and marine areas, ecologically representative and well connected systems of PAs and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes", 15% by 2015 was set up as a target of total PAs in Korea and 13% by 2015 or 2020 was set up as a target of coastal and marine PAs. CBD CoP-10 Decision X/31 (Protected Areas) invites parties to develop a national long-term action plan for the implementation of PoWPA and describes 10 issues that need greater attention. National action plan for the implementation of PoWPA doesn't be mentioned at any national plans even PoWPA. Regarding the 10 issues, most of issues were well reflected within various national plans, however there is still a need to improve the details and corelation between plans. Particularly, in terms of management effectiveness evaluation (MEE), there was no national plan to directly deal with MEE even though CBD invites parties to work towards assessing 60% of the total PAs by 2015. Based on the review results, below 4 items were suggested; (1)"The Comprehensive Plan of the National Territory" needs more attention on the Biodiversity Conservation and PAs, (2)Consider to establish "National PA System Plan" embedded into "the Comprehensive Plan of National Environment", (3)Establish a "National Action Plan for the implementation of PoWPA", (4)Improve the National Plans through linking with Biodiversity 2011-2020 Strategic Targets and relevant PA key issues.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-40
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• 2007

The research in this paper, for the effective implementation of CBD PoW PA(Program of Work on Protected Areas of Convention on Biological Diversity) that was adopted by CBD COP7(Conference of the Parties) in 2004, shows the objectives and activities of 9 each subject in PoW PA regarding domestic status and cases of national park management. Before anything else, according to the result of the review on the status of protected areas in Korea, there are 1,119 protected areas which are classified into 14 types and the total area is about $15,621km^2$. After a thorough review on 9 each subject about the implementation of CBD PoW PA, we found out that some parts such as management planning, prevention and alleviation of threats, and establishment of PAs system, are improved while financial support, improved social benefit, and MEE(Management Effectiveness Evaluation} fields are need to be improved. Especially regarding time-bound, ecological gap analysis on national level and MEE are need to be improved immediately. This paper could help us to understand the current status of PAs management system in Korea and to prepare national reports of CBD and implementation report of PoW PA. Based on research and results of this paper, we need to find the fields that have gaps in order to meet the requirements of the CBD PoW PA and the implementation tools that are suitable for managing Korea's protected areas. To effectively implement the various activities which require a systematic approach on the national level, the establishment of the networks among relevant organizations for protected areas are vital. To effectively reach the ultimate goal of CBD PoW PA, reducing the rate of biodiversity loss, it is essential that lots of plans established by authorities must be carried out in a constant manner to achieve goals of CBD PoW PA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1998

This study has been carried out to lay out a scheme to increase the recreational functions of the forests through improvement of trail environment. To achieve the objective, environmental characteristics of the trails, actual condition of the users, and status of the park management were investigated in the suburb parks of Tokyo, Japan in 1996. As the results, the managing agency of investigated parks has been set itself to activate the use rather than environment conservation and improvement of recreational environment in forests. However, for taking into account the behavior and the purpose of visits in forest, the enhancement of scenic quality and amenity in the parks is a pressing need in recreational conditions. Therefore, to increase the recreational functions in forests, selection of courses and keeping of natural trails in good condition, control of users to ensure amenity, introduction of planting methods to enhance scenic quality and educational effects, and management to efficient conservation of nature ecosystem are required.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.202-217
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• 2018

Urban land use changes by human activities affect spatial configuration of urban areas and their surrounding ecosystems. Although it is necessary to identify patterns of urban land use changes and to simulate future changes for sustainable urban management, simulation of land use changes is still challenging due to their uncertainty and complexity. Cellular automata model is widely used to simulate urban land use changes based on cell-based approaches. However, cell-based models can not reflect features of actual land use changes and tend to simulate fragmented patterns. To solve these problems, object-based cellular automata models are developed, which simulate land use changes by land patches. This study simulate future land use changes in Hanam city using an object-based cellular automata model. Figure of merit of the model is 24.1%, which assess accuracy of the simulation results. When a baseline scenario was applied, urban decreased by 16.4% while agriculture land increased by 9.0% and grass increased by 19.3% in a simulation result of 2038 years. In an urban development scenario, urban increased by 22.4% and agriculture land decreased by 26.1% while forest and grass did not have significant changes. In a natural conservation scenario, urban decreased by 29.5% and agriculture land decreased by 8.8% while each forest and grass increased by 6% and 42.8%. The model can be useful to simulate realistic urban land use change effectively, and then, applied as a decision support tool for spatial planning.