• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.479-487
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• 2021

This study investigated the life history of the plum sawfly Monocellicampa pruni Wei, 1998 through field observations and laboratory experiments. M. pruni is a univoltine, complete metamorphosis species with five instars at the larval stage. Adults emerge from the soil around mid-March when Japanese plum trees are in their flowering period. The adults deposit one (rarely two) egg(s) under the epidermis layer of the calyx. After hatching, the larva soon burrows into the fruitlet, consumes the endocarp and remains inside the fruit within its four-time moulting transitions before reaching full growth. At maturity (in May), the larva leaves the infested fruitlet through an exit hole and burrows into the soil at a depth of 2 - 11 cm for spinning its cocoon and hibernates until the next spring as the larval form. Under laboratory conditions (T = 20℃; RH = 40 - 60%), the male lived for a slightly shorter period than the female, 6.03 ± 0.40 and 7.55 ± 0.45 days, respectively. A female could produce 30.29 ± 4.50 eggs in her lifespan. In the field, the duration of the egg was approximately 10 - 11 days and that of the larva was approximately 31 - 34 days.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.311-368
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• 2009

In order to survive the on-going natural resource war, Korea needs various efforts such as enhancing self-exploitation ratio, increasing the supply of new-reuse energy, strengthening cooperation with resource rich countries. Central Asian countries are geometrically far away from Korea. However, Korea should try to develop political, economic and ethnic relationship with those countries into much higher dimension to secure various natural resources. Major countries including U.S., EU. Japan and China are approaching Central Asian countries with long term perspective. Improving country-image through enlargement of ODA is the first concern of those countries. Korea should try to follow their practices. Government should try to improve Korea's image in the first place and lead economic cooperation with very detailed supportive measures to induce Korean firms' investment into the Central Asian countries. In the due process, a lot of information about those countries' political climate, social situation, ethnical composition, major religions, educational system, current state and structure of economies and industries, etc should be made available to Korean firms.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.205-213
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• 2019

A number of small and medium design companies in Korea are making efforts to develop distinguished products with an aim to survive and prosper. However, it is quite difficult to succeed due to insufficient experience in product planning and the challenges in applying known methodologies, which are based on a large amount of data presented as best practices in designing process, in the actual small and medium enterprise operations. To this end, this study suggested the usefulness of the user participation process as the methodology for small and medium design companies and chose the user FGD method implemented by Company P which is a small design company as an empirical case study. The following are the processes used in the case study; First, the problems of existing baby bath were derived through user FGD. Second, opinions were collected from various classes of users through in-depth interviews. Third, the ideas derived were analyzed with the KJ method and grouped based on similar elements, through which six design directions and detailed design concepts covering size, material, safety, purchase factors of existing product, direction of improvement, additional elements were derived. Through the case study, this study verified that the FGD method of Company P could improve the practical verification, integration and promptness of the product planning process in small and medium enterprises. This is valuable as a realistic process that small and medium enterprises with limited capital and manpower may adopt.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.365-374
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• 2019

Unlike benign tumors, malignant tumors are capable of metastasis, easy to relapse, poor survival, and low quality of life. In Korea, here is a tendency to treat the tumors collectively according to the General Principles of Cancer Chemotherapy(GPCC) of the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA). But recently, companion diagnostics(CDx) is recommended rather than unilateral medication because biomarker-based molecular diagnostics is possible to predict the drug response of patients before drug treatment. Not only domestic but also overseas Food and Drug Administratio (FDA) recommends the development of the CDx system at the stage of drug development to ensure the responsiveness and safety of medicines. In this study, I focused on the necessity of CDx development direction as well as CDx development status through literature review. Furthermore I also discussed CDx types according to the molecular diagnostic technology such as immunohistochemistry (IHC), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) not only in the approved CDx but also in the developing one by US FDA. And I suggested the technology issue of CDx development process such as a selection of molecular diagnostics at the time of release, a clear understanding of the CDx mechanism, and a convergence of drug with CDx development. The necessity of social insurance system also was proposed for CDx development.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.21-30
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• 2019

Environmental and energy issues such as abnormal climate and depletion of fossil fuel due to global warming have emerged as a critical task to threaten human survival. As a result, interest in the Zero Energy Building is increasing as it is an innovative building that can significantly contribute to building energy reduction and greenhouse gas reduction. In the market, however, the added cost of construction is a major stumbling block to the revitalization of the Zero Energy certification. In this study, general private apartment complexes were selected for research, detailed elements for Zero Energy certification were presented based on the construction criteria for eco-friendly houses from the initial design stage, and the cost efficiency analysis of the components for certification were presented. It has been analyzed that only Grade 3 certification can be implemented in apartments due to technical level and physical limitations. Also, after reviewing the cost trend during the lifecycle cost, all expenses can be recovered within 13 years after completion only in the case of grade 5 of the Zero Energy Building. The additional costs proposed in the present study are reflected appropriately in the review of projects for apartments scheduled for order in the future to contribute to the revitalization of the Zero Energy Building certification.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.113-139
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• 2016

This article tries to compare exchange relations between welfare and dictatorship in the East Germany and the North Korea. Unlike capitalist welfare aiming at correcting market results socialist welfare has been proposed to satisfy people's basic needs, but it had operated as instrument of dictatorship. Relation between welfare and dictatorship could be distinguished as hard exchange and soft one in line with social construction of welfare. Welfare-dictatorship relation in East Germany had developed from its formation(1949-1970s), crisis(1980s) and dissolution(1989-1990). There had established hard exchange relation in which the legitimacy of dominance had debted to welfare as social rights. While crisis of the exchange relation had been modest in a form of insufficient supply of consumption goods, it was one of the elements of collapse of dictatorship, leading to the unification with West Germany. The journey of the exchange relation in North Korea can be characterized by its formation(1948-1980), crisis(1990s-2000s), and transformation(2010s). Unlike East Germany, welfare was socially constructed as gift form the ruler to the ruled, which made the combination of welfare and dictatorship loosely coupled. Although economic crisis was severe compared to East German one the rulers have succeeded maintaining dictatorial dominance by creating dual exchange relation. They separated core group and subordinated one supporting the former at the expense of the latter. They blocked out most of the people from soft exchange relation making bad use of muddling-through life style dependent on market activities. This strategy led to a 'dictatorship neutral welfare extinction'. Taking the high degree of institutionalization of newly establishing welfare-dictatorship relation into account, lives of most people are hardly expected to be improved by gift by their rulers even if North Korean economy will recover in the future.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2021

This study was conducted to do in-depth exploration of coroperate employees' learning experiences for workplace under COVID-19. We collected data through depth interviews from August 10th to November 30th, 2020 with five employees of S Energy company, and a qualitative case study was conducted using Ricci's 3-step analysis procedure. As a result, In the process of adapting from the landing of COVID-19, "The Story of a Distant Country," "No More Safe Zones," "Exploring effective responses created by a Sense of Crisis," and "Learning the changed way of work for adaptation." appeared. In addition, It has been found that the experience of learning in the work environment of the With Corona era includes "learning experience for survival from a sense of crisis", "learning experience for adapting to Untact culture", "learning experience through SNS communication", and "competitive learning experience for performance creation". In conclusion, employees have adapted to changes in the workplace environment through various learning experiences, which can enhance workers' ability to cope with crisis situations and can be used as basic data for an effective learning. In the future, we suggested follow-up researches of corporate employees in various fields.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.172-187
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• 2022

In the era of 'Experience Economy' user experience has emerged as a core value of a product, affecting the sustainability of the product and the long-term market viability. However, studies on product user experience factors (PUX factors) that affect the sustainability of the product still limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the PUX factors and the continuance usage intention with wireless earphones, which is a wearable product that is widely used to enjoy music in everyday life. The study uses three types of wireless earphones as the target product to insight into the differentiation of this relationship represents in different types of product. The research process consisted of four steps: 1) "Investigation on the current status of wireless earphones market", 2) "User survey and derivation of PUX factors", 3 "Analyzing the relationship between PUX factors and continuance usage intention", 4) "Output of analysis results and direction of product experience design". Through this research process, it was found that the core PUX factors that influence product sustainability were different depending on the type of wireless earphone. According to the differentiation of the core PUX factors, a variety of design methods for improving product experience and product sustainability was presented.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.43-51
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• 2022

In this paper, we suggest the method to improve the existing method leaning context-free grammar(CFG) using tabular representation(TBL) as a chromosome of genetic algorithm in grammatical inference and show the more efficient experimental result. We have two improvements. The first is to improve the formula to reflect the learning evaluation of positive and negative examples at the same time for the fitness function. The second is to classify partitions corresponding to TBLs generated from positive learning examples according to the size of the learning string, proceed with the evolution process by class, and adjust the composition ratio according to the success rate to apply the learning method linked to survival in the next generation. These improvements provide better efficiency than the existing method by solving the complexity and difficulty in the crossover and generalization steps between several individuals according to the size of the learning examples. We experiment with the languages proposed in the existing method, and the results show a rather fast generation rate that takes fewer generations to complete learning with the same success rate than the existing method. In the future, this method can be tried for extended CYK, and furthermore, it suggests the possibility of being applied to more complex parsing tables.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the 5-year survival rate, socioeconomic status, and SEER (Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results) stage of stomach, colorectal, breast and cervical cancer patients. Methods: A total of 11,770 cases of four target cancers, which were diagnosed during 2005-2007, were extracted from the database of Gwangju-Jeonnam Regional Cancer Registry. The subjects of the study were 11,770 including stomach (n=5,479), colorectal (n=3,565), breast (n=1,516) and cervical cancers (n=710). Cox's proportional hazards model was used to obtain the hazards ratio (HR) according to the SEER stage and socioeconomic status. Results: Stomach cancer had a significantly higher HR in the medical aid recipients (HR=1.39), and the group below 20% (HR=1.20) compared to the group with the highest income level. Colorectal cancer had a significantly higher HR in the medical aid recipients (HR=1.26) than in the group with the highest income level. In addition, stomach, colorectal, breast and cervical cancers had a significantly higher HR according to the SEER stage in regional direct (stomach=4.10, colorectal=1.76, breast=12.90, cervical=3.10), regional lymph only(stomach=2.58, colorectal=2.33, breast=4.32, cervical=4.43), regional both (stomach=6.74 colorectal=3.04, breast=15.57 cervical=6.50), and regional NOS (Not Otherwise Specified)/distant (stomach=17.53, colorectal=11.53, breast=25.34, cervical=26.51) than in situ and localized only. Conclusion: In order to increase the cancer survival rate, a support system for early detection and early treatment of cancer should be established for groups with low individual income levels, and regular health checkups and management measures should be actively implemented through the National Cancer Screening Program.