• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.161-172
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• 2018

Multi-anvil press (MAP) is one of the high pressure apparatuses and often generates the pressure-conditions ranging from 5 to 25 GPa and temperature-conditions up to $2,300^{\circ}C$. The MAP is, therefore, suitable to explore the pressure-induced structural changes in diverse earth materials from Earth's mantle and the bottom of the mantle transition zone (~660 km). In this study, we present the experimental results for pressure-load calibration of the 1,100-ton multi-anvil press equipped in the authors' laboratory. The pressure-load calibration experiments were performed for the 14/8 step, 14/8 G2, 14/8 HT, and 18/12 assembly sets. The high pressure experiments using ${\alpha}$-quartz, wollastonitestructure of $CaGeO_3$, and forsterite as starting materials were analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. The phase transition of each mineral indicates the specific pressure that is loaded to a sample at $1,200^{\circ}C$: a transition of ${\alpha}$-quartz to coesite at 3.1 GPa, that of garnet-structure of $CaGeO_3$ to perovskite-structure at 5.9 GPa, that of coesite to stishovite at 9.2 GPa, and that of forsterite to wadsleyite at 13.6 GPa. While the estimated pressure-load calibration curve is generally consistent with those obtained in other laboratories, the deviation up to 50 tons is observed at high pressure above 10 GPa. This is partly because of the loss of oil pressure at high pressure resulting from the differences in a sample chamber, and the frictional force between pressure medium and second anvil. We also report the ${\sim}200^{\circ}C/mm$ of thermal gradient in the vertical direction of the sample chamber of 14/8 HT assembly. The pressure-load calibration curve and the observed thermal gradient within the sample chamber can be applied to explain the structural changes and the relevant macroscopic properties of diverse crystalline and amorphous earth materials in the mantle.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2004

The sol to gel transition of aqueous solution of block copolymers consisting of methoxy poly (ethylene glycol) (MPEG) and biodegradable polyesters such as $\varepsilon$-caprolactone and L-lactide was investigated as a function of temperature. MPEG-PCL was prepared by ring opening polymerization of $\varepsilon$-caprolactone in the presence of HClㆍEt$_2$O as monomer activator at room temperature. Also, MPEG-PLLA was prepared by ring opening polymerization of L-lactide in the presence of stannous octoate at 115$^{\circ}C$. The properties of block copolymers were investigated by $^1$H-NMR, IR, and GPC as well as the observation of thermo sensitive phase transition in aqueous solution. As the hydrophobic block length increased, the sol to gel transition temperature increased and curve of that steepen to lower concentration. To confirm the gel formation at body temperature, we observed the formation of gel in the mice body after injection of 20 wt% aqueous solution of each block copolymer. After surging, we investigated the gelation in mice. The results obtained in this study confirmed the feasibility as biomaterials of injectable implantation for controlled release of drug and protein delivery.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.20-29
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• 1998

연구의 배경 앉은 자세에서 일어서기는 일상생활동작중 흔한 동작중의 하나이다. 노인들을 포함한 많은 환자들은 앉은 자세에서 일어서기에 어려움이 있고 속도가 감소한다. 이 연구의 목적은 다른 두 속도로 앉은 자세에서 일어서는 동작을 실행할 때 최대 지면반발력의 세개의 요소를 비교하는 것이다. 대상자 22명의 건강한 성인 (20-36세)을 대상으로 하였다. 실험방법 앉은 자세에서 일어서기동작 수행중 최대 지면반발력을 측정하기 위하여 힘판을 사용하였다. 대상자들은 메트로놈을 이용하여 각각 느린 속도 (3초: 총 앉은 자세에서 일어서기동작 수행시간)와 빠른 속도(1.5초)에서 앉은 자세에서 일어서기를 수행하였다. 느린 속도와 빠른 속도중 최대 지면반발력을 비교하기 위해 짝비교 t-검정을 사용하였다. 결과 빠른 속도시 최대 지면반발력의 수직(p<0.05), 전-후(p<0.05), 내-외(p<0.05) 요소에서 느린 속도시와 차이가 있었다. 최대 지면반발력의 모든 요소가 움직임의 속도의 증가에 비례하여 증가하였다. 토의 및 결론 빠른 속도의 앉은 자세에서 일어서기를 수행하기 위해서는 최대 지면반발력의 수직, 전-후요소의 추진력이 요구된다. 최대 지면반발력의 내-외요소는 상전방으로 작용하는 모멘트의 증가에 대한 제동력으로 생각된다. 또한, 빠른 속도로 앉은 자세에서 일어서기 동작을 수행하기 위하여 추진력은 일어서는 순간의 모멘트에 대한 지면반발력의 내-외요소에 영향을 미친다. 이라한 결과들은 앉은 자세에서 일어서기 동작에 어려움을 갖는 노인이나 환자들의 노력을 덜기위해 느린 속도의 움직임이 필요함을 제안한다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 1987

The effects aging on some properties and thermal-shock behavior of zirconia partially stabilized with 9 mol% MgO (9MZ) were studied. 9MZ specimens were aged over $1200^{\circ}$-$1400^{\circ}C$ for 12hours subsequently, after sintering at $1650^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours. Fracture strength(both before and after thermal-shock test), linear thermal expansion, monoclinic fraction and phase transition by XRD, density, galvanic potential and microstructure were measured. Quantitative chemical analysis around the grain-boundary of the specimen aged at $1350^{\circ}C$ was also conducted by EDX. The aging of 9MZ specimen causes a thermal decomposition of cubic-$ZrO^{2}$ into the formation metastable tetragonal-$ZrO^{2}$ and MgO. The former increases the residual strength after thermal-shock test and the latter improves the thermal-shock resistance due to thermal conduction through the continuous magnesia phase and the formation of monoclinic phase content in matrix were increased with decreasing the aging temperature from $1400^{\circ}C$ to $1200^{\circ}C$. Galvanic potential of the aged specimen exhibited a proper emf characteristic.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.4041-4046
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• 2010

Wholly aromatic polyesters having flexible alkoxy side chain were synthesized by direct polycondensation. The synthetic polymers have been characterized by $^1H$-NMR, FT-IR. DSC, TGA, optical polarizing microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The inherent viscosities (${\eta}_{inh}$) measured in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE) were 0.46~2.41 dL/g. The polymers having side chain showed double melting transition, ie, solid-sanidic liquid crystalline (LC) phase transition ($T_{m1}$) and sanidic LC phase-nematic LC phase transition ($T_{m2}$). As incresing length of alkoxy side chain, phase transition temperatures decreased and solubilities in organic solvents incresed. The peaks of $2{\theta}\;{\simeq}5$ and $2{\theta}\;{\simeq}20$ in X-ray diffractograms are due to crystallization of polymer main chain and of long side chain, respectively.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.101-142
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• 1998

1. Objects The base of classification of Sasang Constitution was the different congenital formation of organs such as lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, and it was expanded from the viscera region of lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys to the body shape of trunk. The researched about body shape of Sasang Constitution have had points of issues which derived by measurement with hands. But this study was measured the characteristics of body shape putting in importance of anatomical position with the computerized 3-Dimension scanner, which minimized the errors of measurement, and it was abled the cubic measurement such as volume, area of cross section as well as round length. 2. Materials & Method The examinee was healthy male 40 persons and female 20 persons from 20's to 40's, who was diagnosed by the specialist of Sasang Constitutional Medicine. The body shape was measured round length, area of cross section, and volume of 31 anatomical points and the 25 hypothesis with the Rapid 3D Color Scanner Model 3030 RGB/PS. And the characteristics of each constitution's body shape was derived. 3. Results & Concousion In female, Taeumin had the largest trunk and Soeumin had the smallest trunk compared to other constitution, but Soyangin had only the smallest neck. Soeumin has the smallest round length of nipple and the $CV_{12}$, and Soyangin has the smallest breadth of ASIS. Soyangin had the smallest volume from thyroid bone to the highest points of armpits and from sternum to nipple. Taeumin had the largest volume from sternum to the $CV_{12}$ and from sternum to xiphoid process. In male, Taeumin had the largest trunk and Soeumin had the smallest trunk from the level of thyroid bone to ASIS. Soyangin has the longest distance and Soeumin has the shortest distance from nipple to the lowest of breast. Taeumin had the largest volume of trunk and Soeumin had the smallest volume of trunk. In the ration of four-Cho, Taeumin had the longest distance from the highest points of armpits to nipple and Soyangin had the shortest distance of that. Soyangin had the smallest ratio of the height of upper middle cho. Soeumin had the smallest ratio from the $CV_{12}$ to navel among trunk. In the correlation among the four Cho, Taeumin had the negative correlation between the Upper-Cho and the Lower-Middle-Cho significantly.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.406-409
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• 2004

A blue phosphor(ZnS:Cu) is manufactured by solid state reaction for ACPEL(AC powder EL). The effect of artificial defect on phosphor surface on the ZnO phase conversion and resulting luminescence have been studied. It was found that ZnS:Cu could converse to cubic phase more easily due to the formation of artificial defect on 1st fired phosphor by ball-milling process, resulting in improvement of luminescence of phosphor phosphors under the driven EL condition. We found out an optimized ball-mill condition through considering effect of each ball-mill conditions such as milling time and milling rpm on defect. Also we determined relationship between emission luminescence and phase of phosphor based on analyses of crystal structures of phosphors. A significant improvement above 30% was observed in electroluminescence by the artificial defect on ZnS:Cu phosphors compared to non-treated phosphors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.323-327
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• 1993

The effect of soyasaponin on the liposomal phospholipid membrane was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Soyasaponins were obtained and the enthalpy changes and the sizes of cooperative unit of the transition were calculated. The thermograms of L-$\alpha$-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) incorporated with soyasaponin showed that the phase transition temperature was significantly lowered and the peak was broadened. This was attributed to the possibility that incorporation of soyasaponin into the lipid bilayers reduced the cooperative unit of phospholipid bilayers. These results indicate soyasaponin might have significant effect on the fluidity of biological membrane.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.9-17
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• 2000

The crystal growth and dissolution rates were calculated by solving a model equation, which involved the dissolution of the metastable phase($\beta$-HNIW) and growth of the stable phase($\varepsilon$-HNIW), together with the mass balance equation. The model has been successfully used to simulate available kinetic data for the $\beta$$\longrightarrow$$\varepsilon$ polymorphic transformation via a solution phase. From the effectiveness factor based on the two-step model, it was found that the surface integration contribution to the process was comparatively small, and a diffusion dependency decreased with an increase of the mass fraction of chloroform in the mixed solvents of ethyl acetate and chloroform. Appling these kinetics in process simulation allowed for the prediction of the product size of $\varepsilon$-HNIW.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.527-533
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• 2006

Spinel $LiNi_xMn_{2-x}O_4$ thin films were synthesized up to x = 0.9 by a sol-gel method employing spin-coating. The Ni-substituted films were found to maintain cubic structure at low x but to exhibit tetragonal structure for $x{\geq}0.6$. Such cubic-tetragonal phase transition indicates that $Ni^{3+}(d7)$ ions with low-spin $(t_{2g}^6,e_g^1)$ state occupy the octahedral sites of the compound, thus being subject to the Jahn-Teller distortion. By x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy both $Ni^{2+}$ and $Ni^{3+}$ ions were detected. Optical properties of the $LiNi_xMn_{2-x}O_4$ films were investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in the visible?ultraviolet range. The measured dielectric function spectra by SE mainly consist of broad absorption structures attributed to charge-transfer (CT) transitions, $O^{2-}(2p){\rightarrow}Mn^{4+}(3d)$ for 1.9 $(t_{2g})$ and $2.8{\sim}3.0$ eV $(e_g)$ structures and $O^{2-}(2p){\rightarrow}Mn^{3+}(3d)$ for 2.3 $(t_{2g})$ and $3.4{\sim}3.6$ eV $(e_g)$ structures. Also, sharp absorption structures were observed at about 1.6, 1.7, and 1.9 eV, interpreted as due to d-d crystal-field transitions within the octahedral $Mn^{3+}$ ion. The strengths of these absorption structures are reduced by the Ni substitution. Rapid reduction of the CT transition strength involving the eg states for x = 0.6 is attributed to the reduced wavefunction overlap between the $e_g$ and the $O^{2-}(2p)$ states due to the tetragonal extension of the lattice constant by the Jahn-Teller effect.