• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.68
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• pp.35-67
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• 2017

This paper examines the petition to the king of Doam(陶菴) Leejae(李縡), one of the key figures of 18th century. He wrote a total of 49 he petition to the king, mostly resignation petition to the king. He emphasized the genuine feelings and emphasized the accurate persuasion logic when he was writing a petition to the king. It is not contradictory to these elements, looking at his actual situation he wrote. He wrote the resignation petition to the king three times to resign Daejehak (大提學), he changed his persuasion logic in each of the resignation petition to the king. We can look at the aspect of transforming persuasion logic on the same topic. His resignation petition to the king, for the first time, was particularly well structured in terms of composition, and used a proper accent method. His resignation petition to the king has the beautiful literary art of gomun(古文), such as the expression of the so-called munjongjasoon(文從字順) and the composition of paragraph organically corresponding. The best work of his resignation petition to the king is Maneonso(萬言疏). The contents criticized Yeongjo(英祖)'s tangpyeongchaek(蕩平策) while evaluating Sinimoksa(辛壬獄事). It consists of a total of 5,300 letters. This work repeatedly used the irony, the method of seolui(設疑), and the incremental method to criticize the tangpyeongchaek(蕩平策), and put Yeongjo(英祖)'s position to the corner. This work is an example of other the resignation petition to the king.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.59
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• pp.121-156
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• 2015

Memorials in Joseon Dynasty created a arena where the intellectual and political power met. This thesis traces the process of a certain political faction's rebuilding of the political structure of the elite groups by leading the intellectual controversies through memorials, especially those about the evaluations of Pak Setang(朴世堂) and I Gyeongseok(李景奭). This is what happened: Song Siyeol(宋時烈) submitted a memorial which disputed I Gyeongseok's petition, which provoked complete controversies around the memorials between Noron(老論) and Soron(少論). This led to the academic censorship against Sabyeonrok written by Pak Setang. The analysis of act of writing and submission of memorials by Noron and the role of the Kim Family of An-dong(安東 金門) specifically is the main topic here. The members of Soron ceaselessly criticized Song Siyeol, while the Kim Family strongly defended him. The trigger of the strife was a letter written by Kim Chang-Heup(金昌翕), a member of the Kim Family and the Kims played a significant role in the background during the process of political fights using memorials. The series of memorials criticized or supported certain political figure or his writings, but the opinions of Noron and Soron were directly opposite to each other. Even though the expressed difference was the result of the existing political factions, however, it also caused the new power structure of elite groups. The expressions and logics used in the arguments also have its significance. The Noron's memorials evaluated the contemporary people and their writings based on Chu-Hsi and Song Siyeol, who was regarded as a identical figure of Chu-Hsi. The arguments and writing strategies in this regard gained political strength enough to reorganize the intellectual society by changing alignment of political parties, and this led to the rebuilding of academic environment afterward.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.3-46
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• 1997

본 논문은 우리나라 저축률(貯蓄率)의 결정요인을 실증적으로 분석하는 데 목적을 두고 있다. 특히 본 논문은 생애주기가설/항상소득가설(生涯週期假說/恒常所得假說)에 바탕을 두고 거시(巨視)시계열자료와 미시(微視)횡단면자료를 모두 분석함으로써 개별경제주체의 저축행위와 경제전체의 저축간의 일관된 관계를 밝히려고 하였다. 표준적인 생애주기가설/항상소득가설에 의하면, 저축은 소득(所得)의 일시적 변동으로부터 소비(消費)를 독립시키려는 개별소비자의 합리적 선택의 결과이다. 따라서 개별소비자의 저축은 단기적으로는 소득이 일시적으로 높은 해(년(年))에, 그리고 보다 장기적으로는 일생동안 가장 높은 수준의 소득을 벌게 되는 장년기간중에 가장 크게 된다. 본 논문의 실증결과는 이러한 생애주기가설/항상소득가설의 예측이 실제자료와 대체로 일치함을 보여준다. 거시자료 분석결과에 의하면 우리나라 저축률의 연간변동은 소득성장률(所得成長率)과 인구연령구조(人口年齡構造)의 변동에 의해서 잘 설명되는 것으로 나타난다. 또한 미시자료 분석결과를 보더라도 소득이 일시적으로 높은 가계나 경제활동연령인구의 비중이 높은 가계일수록 더 많은 저축을 하는 것으로 나타난다. 따라서 생애주기가설/항상소득가설은 우리나라 저축률의 결정을 설명하는 데 매우 유용하다고 판단된다. 본 논문은 또한 소득성장률이나 연령구조 외에 이자율, 유동성 제약, 그리고 예비적 저축동기 등이 저축에 미치는 영향에 대해서도 살펴보았다. 실증결과에 의하면 실질이자율은 저축률을 다소 증대시키는 효과가 있으나, 기타 요인들의 효과는 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.77-102
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• 2007

This paper compares income and consumption for their relative effectiveness in measuring inequality. Although income inequality has received more attention in the literature, the permanent income hypothesis links consumption to welfare more directly than income. To the extent economic agents smooth their consumptions, consumption inequality is a better indicator for an economy's welfare inequality, and it is especially so when income volatility is high. The empirical analysis in this paper indicates that the income and consumption patterns among the Korean wage/salary worker households are quite consistent with the permanent income hypothesis. Further, it is found that consumption inequality tends to be lower than income inequality, and more importantly, that the two inequalities do not always vary in the same direction. These results call for stronger emphasis on consumption inequality in inequality literature.

• 발명특허
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• v.14 no.8 s.162
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• pp.74-74
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• 1989

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-154
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• 2005

Using Korean household data, this paper examines how consumption of durable goods is determined. Previous studies report that the standard Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH), while being broadly consistent with non-durable goods consumption, provides little explanation for durable goods consumption. In this paper, we consider the (S, s) model as an alternative to the standard PIH. The (S, s) model predicts that, because of fixed adjustment costs, consumers make no adjustment to the durable goods stock until deviation from the optimal level becomes large. When the adjustments are made, the durable goods stock attains the optimal level. In order to test this prediction, we examine the intra-temporal relationship between non-durable goods and durable goods consumption and intertemporal changes in durable goods consumption, using data from the Korean Household Panel Study. The results show that, while the standard PIH is rejected by the data, the (S, s) model is not.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.187-210
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• 2019

This article examines the necessity for the introduction of an ICSID Appellate System. In comparison with the WTO appellate system, the ICSID ad hoc Committee has a very limited mandate. An annulment inquiry under the ICSID arbitration system barely focuses on whether the arbitral decision resulted from a justifiable process. As long as there is procedural legitimacy, the resulting awards remain unaffected under the annulment procedure, irrespective of mistakes of fact or law. In contrast, in the WTO DSS the AB substantively reviews panel rulings and suggestions that are founded on any deficiency of objectivity or error in the interpretation of a particular WTO provision. This defect intrinsic in the annulment procedure could cause injustice to a party earnestly interested in correcting recognized misapplication of law by ICSID tribunals. Accordingly, the establishment of an appellate system would result in a more substantive and procedural review of awards. The creation of such an ICSID appellate system would ensure thorough scrutiny of the decisions of the tribunal of first instance, leading to better reasoned outcomes. This could lead to a crystallization of predictability in investment relations. The end result would be that fairness, clarity, reliability, and legality in the ICSID adjudicative process would be unassailable, to the advantage of all the contracting parties.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 1988

The solvent separation step in the conventional method for quantitative analysis of ginsenosides was substituted by purification through a small reverse-phase $C_18$-column resulting in the decrease of analysis time by one fourth. New method showed high recovery of total ginsenosides but low recovery in protopanaxatriol-ginsenosides. Sugars did not affect the recovery by the amount in usual root sample. Coefficient of variation in recovery of ginsenosides was lower in the rapid minicolumn method. Optimum load of ginsenosides to minicolumn was 10 to 15 mg. The rapid minicolumn method showed highly significant correlation with the solvent separation method for dried root and red ginseng. For the rapid minicolumn method a small acryl device was used for the simultaneous extraction of 8 samples. This method appeared to be beneficial in cost and for the health of analyst.

• The Optical Journal
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• v.5 no.6 s.28
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• pp.9-17
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• 1993

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.25-58
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• 2015

This paper compares income and consumption inequalities in Korea and applies the permanent income hypothesis to interpret the linkage between the two inequalities. Income inequality has been increasing since 1990 while consumption inequality had been decreasing until the early 2000s when the two inequalities started to co-move. Permanent income hypothesis explains reasonably well the consumption pattern in the recent period, which reflects the increased access to asset markets by the Korean households. Consequently, the co-movement of income and consumption inequalities in the recent period implies that inequality in permanent income components are fluctuating.