• Anxiety and mood
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-159
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• 2008

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) has been known as a safe and effective therapy for the patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Previous studies on CPAP treatment have often reported significant improvement in mood state in those patients. However, there are very few reports on its potential to induce manic or hypomanic episode in the patients with OSA. We report a case of 34-year-old patient with OSA who developed manic and hypomanic episodes consecutively after CPAP treatment with facial mask. We suggest that CPAP treatment could induce a manic or hypomanic episode in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.611-633
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to look into the meaning of Hong Seongchan who has become the first generation picture book writers in the history of Korean picture books by considering the works of the picture book author 'Hong Seongchan', the characteristics of pictures and the artist's spirit. The career that he took up from 1955 as an illustrator to 2012 when the final picture book was published is in line with the developmental process of Korean picture books. He consistently devoted himself to publishing illustrations from the days when his job as an illustrator was not noticed to the days when he finished his life as a picture book writer through his full-length period. As a result, he built a unique world of works, such as the reproduction of Korean images and emotions through complete historical research. His strong illustration spirit and craftsmanship during his lifetime became the basis of the birth of a professional group called a full-time picture book writer, and Hong Seongchan became the first generation picture book writers in the history of Korean picture books.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.209-220
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of depressive episode about major depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescent. The subjects of this study were 34 major depression patients and 17 bipolar disorder patients hospitalized at child and adolescent psychiatry in OO university children's hospital from 1st March 1993 to 31st October 1999. The method of this study is to review socio-demographic characteristics, diagnostic classification, chief problems and symptoms at admission, frequency of symptoms, maternal pregnancy problem history, childhood developmental history, coexisting psychiatric disorders, family psychopathology and family history and therapeutic response through their chart. 1) The ratio of male was higher than that of female in major depressive disorder while they are similar in manic episode, bipolar disorder. 2) Average onset age of bipolar disorder was 14 years 1 month and it was 12 years 8 months in the case of major depression As a result, average onset age of major depression is lower than that of bipolar disorder. 3) The patients complained of vegetative symptoms than somatic symptoms in both bipolar disorder and depressive disorder. Also, the cases of major depression developed more suicide idea symptom while the case of bipolar disorder developed more aggressive symptoms. In the respect of psychotic symptoms, delusion was more frequently shown in major depression, but halucination was more often shown in bipolar disorder. 4) Anxiety disorder coexisted most frequently in two groups. And there coexisted symptoms such as somartoform disorder, mental retardation and personality disorder in both cases. 5) The influence of family loading was remarkable in both cases. Above all, the development of major depression had to do with child abuse history and inappropriate care of family. It is apparent that there are distinctive differences between major depression and bipolar disorder in child and adolescent through the study, just as in adult cases. Therefore the differences of clinical characteristics between two disorders is founded in coexisting disorders and clinical symptoms including onset age, somatic symptoms and vegetative symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.124-131
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• 2005

Childhood and adolescent onset-bipolar disorders have higher rate of comorbidity with anxiety disorders as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. Obsessive compulsive disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, and separational anxiety disorder are common comorbid anxiety disorders with bipolar disorders in child and adolescent. Prospective and reliable data on temporal and causal relationship between the onset of bipolar disorders and the onset of comorbid anxiety disorders are still in debate. The authors report 2 adolescent cases with antidepressant induced-manic episodes with preceding anxiety symptoms. The authors suggest careful prescription of antidepressants for anxiety disorders, even for those who do not have definite past history or family history of bipolar disorders. Further comprehensive and prospective studies are requested for the temporal relationship and pharmacological guideline for comorbid bipolar disorders and anxiety disorder in child and adolescent.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 1995

Borderline personality disorder in adolescents present with suicide attempts or gestures, and they are characterized by the same patterns of splitting, devaluation, manipulation, need-gratifying object relations, impulsivity, and ego deficits that are finds in borderline adults, Symptomatolgy are depression, anxiety, identity crisis, and occasionally antisocial behavior in borderline personality disorder in adolescents. These findings should be differentiated to normal stormy adolescents. Theses borderline personality disorder in adolescents are known about the instability of object relations, labile affect, splitting, and psychotic episode in severe stress. According to thses finding, schizophrenia, mood disorder, schizoptypal personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder could be differentiated. Etiology is complex including psychodynamic, genetic, familial factor. Treatments are individual psychotherapy, group therapy, and pharmacotherapy. The continuity or discontinuity of borderline states from childhoon to adult life is controversy.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2021

Objectives Despite growing attention to anxiety in bipolar disorder (BD), little research has assessed anxiety symptoms in the course of BD. The current prospective follow-up study examines the influence of subjectively and objectively measured anxiety symptoms on the course of BD. Methods A total of 49 patients with BD were followed-up prospectively for average of one year at an average of four months interval. The Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (K-BAI), the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, heart rate variability (HRV) were used to measure anxiety subjectively, objectively and physiologically. Participants were divided into high and low anxiety groups based on their K-BAI scores. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to compare the recurrence of mood episode, suicide attempt, emergency room visit, and psychiatric hospitalization between two groups. Mediators were investigated with Cox proportional hazards models. Results Compared to the low anxiety group, the high anxiety group reported significantly higher impulsiveness (p = 0.016) and lower high frequency component on HRV (p = 0.007) after controlling for severity of BD. Regarding survival analysis, the high anxiety group showed hastened depressive episode recurrence (p = 0.048) and suicidal ideation was the mediator of the hazard ratio (HR) 1.089 (p = 0.029) in the Cox model. Moreover, the high anxiety group showed a tendency of accelerated suicide attempt (p = 0.12) and impulsivity was the risk factor of suicide attempt (HR = 1.089, p = 0.036). Conclusions This interim analysis of prospective study suggests that high anxiety level in BD may anticipate unfavorable course. Further studies are needed to understand the multifactorial mechanism of anxious bipolar patients.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2002

Objectives: Although sleep paralysis (SP) has been known as one of the symptoms of narcolepsy, recently it has become recognized as occurring frequently in the general population. However, the prevalence of SP and its associated factors in patients with major psychiatric disorders remain unknown. This study investigated the prevalence of SP and a variety of associated experiences in those patients. Methods: The subjects were 160 psychiatric patients and 143 age- and sex-matched controls. The Korean version SP questionnaire as well as the Sleep-Wake Schedule, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Insomnia Severity Index were administered to all the subjects. The patients were referred from Dong-A University Hospital and consisted of 74 diagnosed as schizophrenia (47.7%), 26 as bipolar disorder (16.8%) and 55 as major depression (35.5%). Results: Nearly 42% of the patient group and 39% of the control group had experienced at least one episode of SP in their lifetime, with no significant difference between the groups. However, the patient group had experienced SP more frequently than the control group. Among all subjects, no gender difference in SP incidence was found. The peak age of onset was in the range of 16-25 years for both groups. Over eight tenths of both groups reported hallucinations and over seven tenths of both groups experienced fear accompanying SP. Conclusion: This study shows that there is no difference in the lifetime prevalence of SP between psychiatric patients and the general population, whereas frequency of SP experience is higher in psychiatric patients. Terrifying hallucinations and fearful feelings frequently accompany SP in both groups.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.317-330
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• 2014

Bipolar disorder is a psychopathy characterized by manic and major depressive episodes. It is important to determine the degree of depression when treating patients with bipolar disorder because 810% of bipolar patients commit suicide during the periods in which they experience major depressive episodes. The Hamilton depression rating scale is most commonly used to estimate the degree of depression in a patient. This paper proposes using the Hamilton depression rating scale to estimate the effectiveness of patient treatment based on the linear mixed effects model and the transition model. Study subjects were recruited from the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital who scored 8 points or above in the Hamilton depression rating scale on their first medical examination. The linear mixed effects model and the transition model were fitted using the Hamilton depression rating scales measured at the baseline, six month, and twelve month follow-ups. Then, Hamilton depression rating scale at the twenty-four month follow-up was predicted using these models. The prediction models were then evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted Hamilton depression rating scales on the twenty-four month follow-up.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2009

Objectives : Serum and plasma BDNF levels have been shown to be decreased in patients with mood disorder such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. We investigated whether platelet BDNF levels would be lower in patients with acute bipolar manic episode compared with those of normal controls. Methods : BDNF levels were examined in platelet-rich plasma(PRP) and platelet-poor plasma(PPP) in 20 healthy controls and 20 hospitalized patients who were diagnosed as bipolar I disorder, most recent episode manic using a Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. And severity of manic symptoms was measured using Young Mania Rating Scale(YMRS). Platelet BDNF level was calculated by subtracting PPP BDNF from PRP BDNF level, and dividing the result by the total platelet count, and it was expressed as pg/$10^6$ platelet. Results : Platelet BDNF levels were significantly lower in patients with acute bipolar manic episode(4.55${\pm}$3.36pg/$10^6$ platelet) than in normal controls(6.84${\pm}$2.32pg/$10^6$ platelet)(p=0.008). However we failed to reveal the significant negative correlation between platelet BDNF levels and YMRS scores in patients with acute bipolar episode. Conclusion : Our finding suggests that there is a decrease in the platelet BDNF of patients with acute bipolar manic episode.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate 1) the neuropsychological deficits with major depressive disorder(MDD) in depressed state and 2) the changes of neuropsychological dysfunctions during depressed episodes and remitted periods in the MDD group. Methods : 12 patients with MDD and 70 normal controls who were diagnosed and classified by DSM-IV and SCID-IV interview participated in this study. The psychopathology was measured using the Hamilton rating scale for depression(HAM-D) and Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS). The memory function, executive function, and sustained attention were measured by a trained psychologist using the Korean version of Memory Assessment Scale(K-MAS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), and Vigilance(VIG) and Cognitrone (COG) in Vienna Test System. After 6 weeks of treatment, we retested the cognitive tests in order to measure the cognitive functions in remitted states. Results : Patients with MDD achieved significantly lower score in sentence immediately recall, verbal memory score and total memory score of the K-MAS, total errors of the WCST, response time of Vigilance and response time at "Yes" response of Cognitrone than normal controls at baseline. After 6 weeks of medication, the psychiatric symptoms in the patient group were attenuated, and most of the neuropsychological functions including attention, memory, and frontal/executive function were improved except for response time of Cognitrone. Conclusions : This study provides evidence for distinct neuropsychological deficits in patients with MDD on their depressed states and remitted periods. The impairment on response time remains after remission, and this would be a trait marker of major depressive disorder.