• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.189-198
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• 2004

T-RFLP analysis and clone sequencing analysis based on bacterial 16S rDNA were conducted to assess bacterial community structure and diversity in two layers (0-1cm, 6-7cm depth) of the sediment from Janghwari intertidal flat in Ganghwa Island. The results of T-RFLP (terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism) analysis using restriction enzyme HhaI showed that the T-RFs of various size ($60{\pm}2$) bp-($667{\pm}2$) bp) appeared evenly at the surface sediments but two T-RFs with 60(${\pm}2$)bp and 93 (${\pm}2$)bp predominated at 6-7cm depth. Analysis of partial sequences for 172 clones revealed that 98% of the clones were not matched with the sequences of cultured bacteria strains in the GenBank (${\geq}similarity$ 98%), and approximately 86% of them were classified as different phylotypes. Most clones belonged to $\alpha$-, $\gamma$-, and $\delta$-Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria/Holophaga and green nonsulfur bacteria group. Proteobacteria group occupied the highest proportion in both layers (69% at 0-1cm depth and 46% at 6-7cm depth). $\gamma$-Proteobacteria and $\delta$-Proteobacteria that are associated with oxidation and reduction of sulfur compounds were appeared to be dominant, and comprised 21.5% and 15.7% of total clones, respectively. Overall results indicated that extremely diverse bacterial groups were inhabiting in the sediment of Ganghwa intertidal flat, and bacterial communities associated with the behaviour of sulfur seemed to playa significant role in the biogeochemical environment in this anoxic sediment.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.1 s.60
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• pp.53-60
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• 2007

(6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin ($6-BH_4$) cofactor is essential for various process, and is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher organism. $6-BH_4$ is required lot various enzyme activities, and for less defined functions at the cellular level. And it is well known about the antioxidant effects as a non-protein compound. Recently, scientists proposed another roles for $6-BH_4$ in melanogenesis. $6-BH_4$ is a well known tyrosinase inhibitor. In this study, we found that methyl-$BH_4$ and $6-BH_4$ have antioxidant activities and inhibitory activity for melanin synthesis. These pterin compounds were not toxic in HaCaT and B16F10 cells and showed scavenging activity against DPPH radicals. We also showed that pterin compounds decreased protein levels of tyrosinase and TRP-1. In a clinical test, pterin compounds showed the significant skin whiteining effect after treatment for 3 weeks. Furthermore pterin compounds significantly suppressed the UVB-induced expression of $PGE_2$ and IL-6 genes induced UVB In HaCaT and inhibited UVB-induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. These results showed the effect of pterin compounds as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.99-107
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• 1988

Samples of red ginseng. which had been manufactured and packaged by the Korea Monopoly Corporation. were stored at ambient temperatures $(12-28^{\circ}C)$ and humidities $(55-68\%)$ for one to nine years to examine their overall quality stability and. in particular. antioxidant activity. The approximate compositions. contents of various solvent extracts. and TLC and HPLC patterns of ginsenosides in the samples which are otherwise susceptible to oxidation. were stable as judged by the changes of the TLC and GLC patterns of the lipids and fatty acids. It was also found that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic (C18: 2) and linolenic acid (C18: 3) present in the samples had been very stable during the long storage periods. The intensity of the brown color of the red ginseng samples increased significantly with storage time. The pH of the aqueous extracts of the samples also increased slightly during storage. The coloration changes seem to indicate that extensive browning reactions had occurred during storage. The reducing powers of aqueous and ethanol extracts and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extracts also increased with storage time. The increase in reducing powers and antioxidant activity appeared to be directly attributable to the increased amounts of non-enzymatic browning reaction products formed progressively during the long storage periods. Therefore. it seems that those antioxidative compounds. which will be progressively formed in red ginseng through non-enzymatic browning reactions during the manufacturing process and long-term storage. will not only contribute to their overall quality stability but also have some significant relationship with their antiaging pharmacological effects.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.394-400
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• 2015

The roots of Platycodon grandiflorum species either dried or fresh, are used as an ingredient in salads and traditional cuisine in Korea. To interpret the root proteins, a systematical and targeting analysis were carried out from diploid and tetraploid roots. Two dimensional gels stained with CBB, a total of 39 differential expressed proteins were identified from the diploid root under in vivo condition using image analysis by Progenesis Same Spot software. Out of total differential expressed spots, 39 differential expressed protein spots (${\geq}\;1.5$-fold) were analyzed using LTQ-FTICR mass spectrometry. Except two proteins, the rest of the identified proteins were confirmed as down-regulated such as Isocitrate dehydrogenase, Proteasome subunit alpha type-2-B. However, the most of the identified proteins from the explants were mainly associated with the oxidoreductase activity, nucleic acid binding, transferase activity and catalytic activity. The exclusive protein profile may provide insight clues for better understanding the characteristics of proteins and metabolic activity in various explants of the economically important medicinal plant Platycodon grandiflorum.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1000-1006
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• 2015

α-Asarone is the main component of Acorus gramineus, which is a widely used oriental traditional medicine. A. gramineus is known to have a variety of medicinal effects, such as anti-gastric ulcer, antiallergy and antioxidant activity. It is also known to inhibit the release of histamine. However, the mechanism of its action remains unclear in humans. In this study, the effects of α-asarone on matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and its antioxidant effect in a cell-free system were examined in HT1080 cells. In an MTT assay, the effect of α-asarone on cell viability showed no cytotoxicity below 16 μM. In an antioxidant assay, α-asarone increased reducing power in a dose-dependent manner but not the scavenging activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. In addition, α-asarone exhibited the protective effect against DNA oxidation induced by hydroxyl radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. Furthermore, in a gelatin disk assay, α-asarone enhanced collagenase activity. It also increased the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in a gelatin zymography. On the other hand, the activity of MMP-9 stimulated by phenazine methosulfate (PMS) but not that of MMP-2 was increased in the presence of α-asarone. These findings suggest that α-asarone could be a candidate for the prevention and treatment of pathological diseases related to oxidative stress and MMPs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1487-1492
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• 2012

Antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of extracts from Cichorium endivia L. (CEL) on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in neuronal cells were investigated. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the water and ethanolic extracts from CEL were $36.2{\pm}0.99$, $37.2{\pm}3.76$ mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, and $46.9{\pm}5.22$, $53.86{\pm}5.09$ mg catechin equivalent/g extract, respectively. In addition, antioxidant activities of the extracts were also determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In an MTT assay on the neuronal cells, the extracts showed a protective effect by increasing cell viability on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in neuronal cells. Antioxidative enzyme (superoxide dismutase: SOD, catalase: CAT) levels in cultured neuronal cells were increased in the presence of extracts from CEL. It was found that CEL extracts inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced Bcl-2 and Bax expression in neuronal cells. These results indicate that the CEL extracts possess an antioxidant activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2020

This study examined the antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of ethanol extracts obtained from Diospyros kaki core (DCE). The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in DCE was 786.47±15.27 and 31.14±0.82 mg/g, respectively. In addition, DCE exhibited a dose-dependent induction of radical scavenging activity, determined by 1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reducing power assays. The viability of HT22 hippocampal cells was examined to investigate the neuroprotective effect of DCE. DCE treatment did not induce cytotoxicity at concentrations below 1,000 ㎍/mL. Additionally, DCE treatment in the background of H₂O₂ induce oxidative stress revealed a significant increase in the survival rat, indicated by increased SOD activity and decreased levels of MDA, a lipid peroxidation product. Therefore, the results suggest that DCE can be used as a source of natural antioxidants source and a therapeutic agent for the treatment of brain disorders induced by oxidative stress and neuronal damage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2004

To identify genes involved in the decolorization of both crystal violet and malachite green, we isolated random mutants generated by transposon insertion in triphenylmethane-decolorizing bacterium, Citrobacter sp. The resulting mutant bank yielded 14 mutants with complete defect in color removal capability of both crystal violet and malachite green. Southern hybridization with a Tn5 fragment as a probe showed a single hybridized band in 5 mutants and these mutants appeared to have insertions at different sites of the chromosome. Tn5-inserted genes were isolated and the DNA sequence flanking Tn5 was determined. From comparison with a sequence database, putative protein products encoded by cmg genes were identified as follows. cmg 2 is MaIC protein in maltose transport system; cmg 6 is transcriptional regulator (LysR-type): cmg 12 is a putative oxidoreductase. The sequences deduced from two cmg genes, cmg 8 and cmg 11, showed no significant similarity to any protein with a known function. Therefore, these results indicate that these two cmg genes encode unidentified proteins responsible for decolorization of both crystal violet and malachite green.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.292-297
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• 1999

This study was performed to estimate the possibility of use of plant materials as catalytic agents fur the decontamination of waste waters contaminated with organic pollutants by using 2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP) as a model pollutant. Plant materials containing high peroxidase activity were selected as catalysts for the removal of 2,4-DCP. Peroxidase activity, which plant materials were containing, was measured, and the greatest peroxidase activity was observed in shepherd's purse, followed by turnip, sweet potato, Chinese cabbage and white radish. The peroxidase activity in shepherd's purse was four times higher than that of horseradish purchased in U.S.A. Using shepherd' s purse and turnip, it was investigated the effect of various factors on the decontamination of 2,4-DCP through oxidative coupling. The removal of 2,4-DCP was extremely fast, and a maximal removal could be achieved within 3 min for shepherd' s purse and 15min for turnip. The pH range was from 3.0 to 8.0 and the amount of $H_2O_2$ added was 9mM when maximal removal was achieved(over 90%). No increasing removal of 2,4-DCP was observed due to increasing the amount of $H_2O_2$ added (over 9mM). The initial concentration affected the transformation of 2,4-DCP incubated with plant materials. When turnip was used as catalytic agent, it was observed decreasing transformation of 2,4-DCP due to increasing initial concentration.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2006

To investigate the effect of ${\beta}$-hydroxyacyl CoA-dehydrogenase(HADH) activity increased by freezed and thaw process on myoglobin(Mb) oxidation without lipid oxidation during, pork loins were collected at postmortem 24 hts and sliced to steaks (3 cm thickness). Samples were packaged in a polyethylene bag and subjected to flesh group (control), one cycle fieezed and thaw group (treatment 1) and two cycles freezed and thaw group (treatment 2), respectively. Samples were measure meat color (CIE $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$), the contents(%) of MetMb, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) value and HADH(${\beta}$-hydroxyacyl CoA-dehydrogenase) activity at 0, 3, and 7 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Both treatments showed significantly (p<0.05) lower $L^*$ and higher $L^*$ value compared to those of control at 7 days. On the contrary, MetMb contents(%) of treatments were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of control during cold storage. However there were no significant (p> 0.05) differences in TBARS values between control and treatments during 7 days. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in HADH activity between control and treatments at 3 days of cold storage. Both treatments showed higher HADH activity compared to those of control. These results suggested that the freezed and thaw process could accelerate meat color deterioration, i.e. increased MetMb percentage without lipid oxidation in pork loin during cold storage. This also implied that autoxidation of Mb in freezed and thaw pork loin was influenced by enzyme-catalysed reactions in the tissue that would lead to decreased OxyMb.