• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.147-152
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• 2004

In Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR), the removal efficiencies if nutrient materials such as nitrogen and phosphate depend highly on quantity and quality of organic carbon source. Food waste thai contains abundant organic materials has been produced in ship. The applicability if anaerobically fermented if food waste (AFFW) as an external carbon source was examined in the lab-scale SBR process operated at $25^{\circ}C$. With the addition if AFFW increased, average removal efficiencies if $COD_cr$, T-N, T-P changed to $98.5\%,\;95\%,\;93\%$, respectively. Denitrification rate is 0.30g $NO_3-N/g\;VSS{\cdot}day$. In summary, it was suggested tint AFFW sould be used as an economical and effective carbon source for the biological nitrogen and phosphate removal.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.633-643
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• 1989

The R$Rh_2(ap)_4$(2,2-trans) isomer (ap = 2-anilinopyridinate), which has two anilino nitrogens and two pyridyl nitrogens bound to each rhodium ion trans to their own kind, shows activation towards the one electron reduction of dioxygen at -0.40 V vs SCE. The ESR spectrum taken at 123 K proves the formation of a $[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]$ ion with oxygen axially bound to one rhodium ion and the complex is at a RhⅡ2 oxidation state. The complex will form [$Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)(CH_3CN)]^-$ in presence of $CH_3CN/CH_2Cl_2$ mixture without breaking the Rh-$O_2^-$ bond. When oxidized at -0.25 and 0.55 V, $[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]$ will undergo two one electron oxidations to form $Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)[Rh_2(ap)_4(O_2)]^+$. Both species have an axially bound superoxide ion but the former is at $Rh^{II}Rh^{III }$and the later at $Rh^{III}_2$ oxidation states. The ESR spetra and $CH_3CN$ addition study, on the other hand, show that the later complex is better described as $[Rh_{II}Rh^{III}(ap)_4(O_2)]^+$ with the odd electron localized on rhodium ion and the complex has an axially coordinated molecular oxygen. The electrochemical and ESR studies also show that the degree of dioxygen activation is a function of electrochemical redox potential.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.311-320
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• 2016

Kava (Piper methysticum, P. methysticum) is used as traditional herbal medicine for urogenital diseases, rheumatisms, gastrointestinal problems, respiratory irritations, and pulmonary pains. We identified a flavokavain C (FKC) from P. methysticum, which showed anti-inflammatory activity on nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. FKC inhibited accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, and was able to dose-dependently reduce the LPS-induced NO production and the expression of various inflammation-associated genes (iNOS, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs (ERK and JNK). In conclusion, these results indicate that FKC may have the potential to prevent inflammation process including NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPKs pathways, and it could be applicable to functional cosmetics for anti-inflammation and antioxidant properties.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.53-61
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• 2016

The reaction of zero-valent iron (ZVI) with oxygen can produce reactive oxidants capable of oxidizing organic compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pre-treatment on sludge solubilization by ZVI and aeration. The results demonstrated that the aeration pre-treatment with ZVI method was more effective than the only aeration for improving sludge solubilization, indicating that ZVI increased the extent of sludge solubilization. In addition, removal rate of $NH_3-N$ by ZVI and aeration was found to be 34%, while only aeration was 24%. Thus, ZVI and aeration can be employed as an efficient pre-treatment option to achieve higher sludge solubilization and decrease the toxic effect of $NH_3-N$ for sludge digestion.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.333-342
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• 2016

Liquid rocket propulsion is a system that produces required thrust for satellites and space launch vehicles by using chemical reactions of a liquid fuel and a liquid oxidizer. Monomethylhydrazine/dinitrogen tetroxide, liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen and RP-1/liquid oxygen are typical combinations of liquid propellants commonly used for the liquid rocket propulsion system. The objective of the present study is to investigate useful design and performance data of liquid rocket engine by conducting a numerical analysis of thermochemical reactions of liquid rocket propellants. For this, final products and chemical compositions of three liquid propellant combinations are calculated using equilibrium constants of major elementary equilibrium reactions when reactants remain in chemical equilibrium state after combustion process. In addition, flame temperature and specific impulse are estimated.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.2390-2395
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• 2009

In the condition of GHSV=$30000\;hr^{-1}$, $NO_x$ removal yield was higher as mole ratio of $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ for Fe/ZSM-5 was lower regardless of preparation method such as CVD (chemical vapor deposition) and dry impregnation. In addition to this, Fe/ZSM-5 catalyst showed about 50% $NO_x$ removal yield between $350^{\circ}C$ - $400^{\circ}C$ while CO formed significantly. To remove newly formed CO over Fe/ZSM-5, Co-Pt/ZSM-5 was used in conjunction with Fe/ZSM-5 in the series and this demonstrated over 90% removal yield of both NOx and CO at $250^{\circ}C$ and GHSV=$30000\;hr^{-1}$.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.711-716
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• 1993

The mechanism for electrochemical oxidation of natural alkaloid, ${\iota}$-sparteine (SP) was studied in acetonitrile solvent. The cyclic voltammogram of SP shows two irreversible anodic peaks at +0.75 V and +1.45 V vs. Ag/AgCl (0.1M AgNO$_2$ in acetonitrile) electrode. Coulometry reveals that the number of electrons involved in each oxidation peaks is in the range of 1.2∼1.3 respectively. Neutral imine radical was produced by fast deprotonation of SP radical cation formed by oxidation of one nitrogen atom in SP. Two pathways are possible for the reaction of the neutral radical: Due to the disproportionation of the radical, SP and enamine were mainly produced. Also, the 1,2-dehydrosparteinium cation was formed as minor product through the second one electron transfer oxidation of this radical. The (+)-lupanine was produced by treatment of sparteinium cation with potassium hydroxide. We have isolated and confirmed the electrolysis products using IR, GC-MS, UV-Vis, and thin-layer spectroelectrochemical method.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.779-788
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of high-fat diet on macrophage immunocompetence in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 male mice (4 weeks aged, n=16) were divided into two groups. HD groups fed high-fat diet (45% of fat) and ND groups fed chow diet (10% of fat). Peritoneal macrophages were obtained from each mouse intra-peritoneal by sterile lavage method. Macrophage were stimulated with $1{\mu}g/ml$ of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 24 hr. Body weight was significantly increased by high-fat diet. Macrophage phagocytosis of HD was significantly lower than that of ND. After 24 hr of LPS stimulation, NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ production of HD were significantly lower than those of ND. There were no significant differences in the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-12 between HD and ND. These findings suggest that high fat diet-induced obesity is associated with decreased Immunocompetence and antigen-stimulated sensitivity of peritoneal macrophage, and lower production of NO, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$ may contribute to these changes.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.443-449
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• 2016

In the present study, whether squalene treatment relives inflammatory reactions induced by Candida albicans was checked. The experiment was conducted in vivo using seven experimental animals (ICR mice) per experimental group. Among C. albicans-induced inflammatory factors, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NO were observed using the ELISA kits method. Through the experiment, the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In the group infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing NO generation in renal tissues both on the 1st and 3rd days (p < 0.05). 2. In the group pre-treated(intraperitoneal administration) with SQ (80ml/kg) once per day for seven days and infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing TNF-${\alpha}$ generation in renal tissues only on the 3rd day(p < 0.05). 3. In the group pre-treated(intraperitoneal administration) with SQ (80ml/kg) once per day for seven days and infected with C. albicans, it could be identified that squalene treatment was inducing IL-6 generation in renal tissues only on the 3rd day(p < 0.05). In conclusion, it could be seen that for squalene to suppress C. albicans-induced inflammatory factors, preemptively supplying SQ should be effective. Therefore, effects for recovery from C. albicans-induced immunodepression can be expected from SQ treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.511-516
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated changes in the nutritional components of pre- and post-germinated barley seeds and also investigated their immune-enhancing effects such as production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ on the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. Protein and total sugar contents increased slightly with increase in germination time. The major neutral sugars of germinated balrey seeds were arabinose, glucose, and xylose. Glucose content decreased during germination, whereas arabinose and xylose contents increased during germination. Amino acid contents of barley germinated for 24 and 48 hours increased 1.03-fold and 1.24-fold, respectively, compared to that of pre-germinated barley. Moreover, RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with barley germinated for 24 and 48 hours showed higher production of NO, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ compared to that observed in pre-germinated barley. The results of the present study indicate that germinated barley may have immune-enhancing effects derived from its ability to activate RAW 264.7 macrophages, which play a major role in innate immunity.