• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.639-645
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to introduce the TPI approach for interpreting land-forms of mountain forests in South Korea. We develop an objective procedure to decide the scale factor as a basic analytical unit in land-form classification of rugged mountain areas using TPI. In order to determine the scale factor associated with the pattern of slope profiles, the gradient variance curve was derived from a revised hypsometric curve developed using the relief energy of topographic profiles. Using the gradient variance curve, found was the grid size with which the change in relief energy got the peak point. The grid size at the peak point was determined as the scale factor for the study area. In order to investigate the performance of the procedure based on the gradient variance curve, it was applied to determination of the site-specific scale factors of 3 different terrain conditions; highly-rugged, moderately-rugged and relatively less-rugged. The TPI associated with the corresponding scale factors by study site was, then, determined and used in classifying the land-forms. According to the results of this study, the scale factor gets shorter with more rugged terrain conditions. It was also found that the numbers of valleys and ridges estimated with TPI show almost the same trends as those of the observed and the scale factors tends to approach to the mean distance of ridges.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.699-713
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• 2012

Palustrine wetland is often used for development work and green area creation. However, the ecological characteristic of vegetation is not frequently considered in planning. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate vegetation characteristic according to land-use of palustrine wetland and to provide basic materials in assessment of palustrine wetland and restoration and creation of wetland. Survey sites were caterogized into paddy, field, and mountain. Each category had two sites, so total 6 survey sites were investigated for vegetation. As a result, with a range of 61~92 species, total 216 taxa were confirmed, consisting of 71 families, 168 generic, 187 species, 2 variety 1 forma 1 subforma. Mountain received a high score in the evaluation score range of floristic regional indicator plants, and it was found that there were 10 families and 28 species of naturalized plant. Mountain showed low appearance, and fiddy and field showed relatively high appearance. Naturalized plants with slightly high vegetation cover ratio are Erigeron annuus, Amorpha fruticosa, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Trifolium repens, Erigeron Canadensis, Ambrosia trifida, Oenothera odorata, Bidens frondosa, etc. Such naturalized plants should be removed to prevent terrestrialization of wetland and its harmful damages. Long-term monitoring and proper management of naturalized plants are expected to improve palustrine wetland into high quality biotope of rural area in the future.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2018

The geology of Hidalgo state in Mexico is formed by a Precambrian metamorphic rock base which discordantly supports a strong Paleozoic sedimentary rock sequence. Triassic-Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks overlie the above-mentioned rocks at a discordant angle. These Mesozoic rocks are in turn covered by a Cenozoic structure which is marine at its base. At the top, the structure changes to andesitic and basaltic composition volcanic rocks. And, a great variety of mineral deposits, both metallic and nonmetallic, is present in Hidalgo state. The host rocks of these deposits are also very varied in age from Mesozoic to Tertiary. Mineralization age corresponds to Tertiary in 90% of the area. Hidalgo state occupies as an important place in national silver and manganese production. Main mineral deposits correspond to argentiferous veins hosted in sedimentary rocks. Following in order of importance are lead and zinc, as well as some small iron deposits. There is evidence of tin and molybdenum mineralization, but these deposits have not been exploited because of their low grade and volume. And, Hidalgo state has different types of nonmetallic mineral deposits such as sedimentary, hydrothermal, metamorphic and volcanic origins.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.72-82
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• 1986

There were three important species among the marine organisms which were cultured in the inter tidal zone in the old days, and an ark-shell was one of them. Exaiming old books and reports concerning fishery were made in order to reveal the history and industrial trend of ark-shell culture. Ark-shell was called by the different names in the old days "Komak" and "Sohap". The name of Komak was originated in the southern coast area in the 1,700s, and from the begining of 18 century Komak was used only. Ark-shell was produced in all southern and western coast areas, where a little of fresh water flows into the calm inner sea and the intertidal zone is well developed. It was well known that ark-shells shell as well as its flesh took the effect of a medicine. Its culturing method in Korea seems to be derived from China in the beginning of 19 century, it was cultured first at the southern area of Chollanam-do. It was considered as the side business, but after Korean war it is produced on the basis of cooperative work, now its production is quite increased (more than $5,000\fra{M}{T}$) due to the goverments development policy.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2008

This study, the one concerning the evaluation analysis of the function of the wind generation using KLAM_21, has examined closely how the wind really flows on the space of the city, working with the object of case location. In the first place, the cold air formed at upper stream of Sincheon river, a ravine of whole area of Gachang gully and an inclined plane of neighboring mountainous district, flows to the north and expands itself along the upper stream of the Sincheon river, and as the time passes, it is tending upwards in the change of the volume and height as well as of the velocity and direction, of the cold air. It was learned that this phenomenon has made it clear that the spatial features of this area give rise to very good condition in generating and flowing the cold air. Meanwhile, it has been shown that in the area of park in the Ap-mountain, the generation and flow of the cold air are much interrupted because of the overpass traversing the whole area of the park of Ap-mountain, the congested area of large-scaled apartments and the urban development activities constructing the building in the park, and the volume and height of the cold air has been grown very small. In conclusion, It has been learned that for maximization of the spatial effect of the wind corridor, the areas where the cold air is generated, flowed, accumulated, and maintained, have to be connected spatially, and this spatial connection has a close relation with spatial features of the area.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 2008

This work demonstrates the preparation of proton conducting crosslinked polymer electrolyte membranes by blending polystrene-b-poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PS-b-PHEA) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) at 1 : 1 wt ratio. The PHEA block of the diblock copolymer was crosslinked with PVA using sulfosuccinic acid (SA) via the esterification reaction between -OH of membrane and -COOH of SA, as confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) continuously increased from 0.14 to 0.91 meq/g with increasing concentrations of SA, due to the increasing portion of charged groups in the membrane. In contrast, the water uptake increased up to 20.0 wt% of SA concentration above which it decreased monotonically. The membrane also exhibited a maximum proton conductivity of 0.024 S/cm at 20.0 wt% of SA concentration. The maximum behavior of water uptake and proton conductivity is considered to be due to competitive effect between the increase of ionic sites and the crosslinking reaction according to the SA concentration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1711-1715
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• 2007

하천에서는 나라마다 하천마다 구간마다 독특한 하도특성을 지니고 있다. 우리나라는 전 국토의 70 %가 산지로 이루어져 있으며, 이로 인하여 특이한 하도형태의 모습을 보이는 구간이 산재하고 있다. 그 대표적인 모습이 충적하도와 침식하도가 연속해 발생하는 과정에서 나타나는 것이 하천 협착부 구간이다. 이러한 하천협착부 주변지역은 전형적인 수해상습 구간이 되는 경우가 많다. 이러한 상황임에도 불구하고 현재까지 우리 나라에서는 이러한 협착부 구간에서 하도특성을 반영한 연구 및 설계 사례가 전무한 실정이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 낙동강 선산지역의 하천 협착부에서의 하도 수리학적 의미와 하도형태에 대하여 조사하고 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 모래하천인 조사구간의 저수로 하상에서 아주 미세한 유사분급 현상은 확인할 수 있었지만, 명쾌한 자연 영력에 의한 유사분급 현상이라 판단하기에는 어려운 부분이 있었다. 이는 완만한 하상경사, 균일성에 가까운 하상재료의 공급에 기인한다고 추정할 수 있었다. 그러나 이와 같은 자연적인 현상보다는 골재채취 등의 원인에 따른 유사분급이 확연하다고 추정되었다. 그리고 협착부의 배수구역에서 과거 활발했던 이동상 단단면 하도형태가 유심부의 이동과 더불어 최근 급격하게 복단면화가 진행되고 있음을 확인하였다. 이와 더불어 저수로의 하폭이 크게 줄어드는 현상을 확인할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 현상은 궁극적으로 이상홍수 발생시의 복단면 가중 또는 홍수단면적 축소, 저수로에서의 호안 또는 제방 아래부분의 국소세굴이 야기될 수 있음을 시사한다.원주교각에 대한 국부세굴 특성을 검토하였다. 또한 원주형의 교각에서는 단일원주보다는 원주군으로 설치되는 경우가 대부분이며 이때 교각의 직경(D)에 대한 교각 사이 간격$(L_d)$의 비$(L_d/D)$에 따른 전면교각에서의 수류변화의 영향이 후면교각에 작용하여 상호 복합적인 흐름 및 세굴특성을 나타내므로 이와 같은 복렬형 원주군의 세굴특성을 파상형 원주교각에 적용하여 국부세굴의 크기 변화를 해석하였다. 따라서, 교각주위에서의 수류특성 및 세굴의 변동은 원주군 및 교각파상의 크기와 간격 등과 같은 구조물의 배열조건과 Froude 수, 수심 등의 수리학적 조건에 따라 달라지므로 이의 조건을 체계적으로 변화시켜 가면서 교각주위에서의 국부세굴 및 세굴 감소특성을 검토하였다. 실험결과 오목 및 볼록 파상형 원주 주위에서의 세굴크기는 원형원주와 비교하여 전체적으로 감소하는 것으로 확인되었으며 특히 오목형 $B/\acute{h}=3$에서는 세굴경감효과가 탁월하여 70%이상 감소하는 것으로 확인되었으나 볼록형 $B/\acute{h}=5$에서는 세굴촉진특성이 나타나고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 파상형 원주에서는 하강류나 와류를 파상형의 내부로 유도하여 세굴의 크기를 조절할 수 있는 최적의 파상이 존재하고 있는 것으로 예측되었다.원 분야 소프트웨어의 개발에 기본 토대를 제공할 것으로 판단된다.았다. 또한 저자들의 임상병리학적 연구결과가 다른 문헌에서 보고된 소아 신증후군의 연구결과와 큰 차이

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.301-311
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• 2018

Recently, the flood inundation caused by heavy rainfall in urban area is increasing due to global warming. The variability of climate change is described in the IPCC 5th report (2014). The precipitation pattern and hydrological system is varied by climate change. Since the heavy rainfall surpassed the design capacity of the pipeline, it caused great damage in metropolitan cities such as Seoul and Busan. Inundation in urban area is primarily caused by insufficient sewer capacity and surplus overflow of river. Inundation in urban area with concentrated population is more dangerous than rural and mountains areas, because it is accompanied by human casualties as well as socio-economic damage to recover destruction of roads, brides and underground spaces. In addition, various factors such as an increase in impervious area, a short time of concentration to outlet, and a shortage of sewer capacity's lack increase flooding damage. In this study, flood inundation analysis was conducted for vulnerable areas using XP-SWMM. Also, three structural flood prevention measures such as drainage pipeline construction, detention reservoir construction, and flood pumping station construction are applied as flood damage prevention alternatives. The flood data for each alternative were extracted by dividing the basin by grid. The Spatial Compromise Programming are applied using flood assessment criteria, such as maximum inundation depth, inundation time, and construction cost. The purpose of this study is to reflect the preference of alternatives according to geographical condition even in the same watershed and to select flood defense alternative considering regional characteristics.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.927-940
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• 2017

Landslide has been a major disaster in Indonesia, and recent climate change and indiscriminate urban development around the mountains have increased landslide risks. Java Island, Indonesia, where more than half of Indonesia's population lives, is experiencing a great deal of damage due to frequent landslides. However, even in such a dangerous situation, the number of inhabitants residing in the landslide-prone area increases year by year, and it is necessary to develop a technique for analyzing landslide-hazardous and vulnerable areas. In this regard, this study aims to evaluate landslide susceptibility of Java, an island of Indonesia, by using GIS-based spatial prediction models. We constructed the geospatial database such as landslide locations, topography, hydrology, soil type, and land cover over the study area and created spatial prediction models by applying Weight of Evidence (WoE), decision trees algorithm and artificial neural network. The three models showed prediction accuracy of 66.95%, 67.04%, and 69.67%, respectively. The results of the study are expected to be useful for prevention of landslide damage for the future and landslide disaster management policies in Indonesia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

As the "Guidelines for GHG Environmental Assessment" was revised, it pointed out that the developers should evaluate GHG sequestration and storage of the developing site. However, the current guidelines only taking into account the quantitative reduction lost within the development site, and did not consider the qualitative decrease in the carbon sequestration capacity of forest edge produced by developments. In order to assess the quantitative and qualitative effects of vegetation carbon uptake, the CASA-NPP model and satellite image spatial-temporal fusion were used to estimate the annual net primary production in 2005 and 2015. The development projects between 2006 and 2014 were examined for evaluate quantitative changes in development site and qualitative changes in surroundings by development types. The RMSE value of the satellite image fusion results is less than 0.1 and approaches 0, and the correlation coefficient is more than 0.6, which shows relatively high prediction accuracy. The NPP estimation results range from 0 to $1335.53g\;C/m^2$ year before development and from 0 to $1333.77g\;C/m^2$ year after development. As a result of analyzing NPP reduction amount within the development area by type of forest development, the difference is not significant by type of development but it shows the lowest change in the sports facilities development. It was also found that the vegetation was most affected by the edge vegetation of industrial development. This suggests that the industrial development causes additional development in the surrounding area and indirectly influences the carbon sequestration function of edge vegetaion due to the increase of the edge and influx of disturbed species. The NPP calculation method and results presented in this study can be applied to quantitative and qualitative impact assessment of before and after development, and it can be applied to policies related to greenhouse gas in environmental impact assessment.