• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2017

In this study, general characteristics of dynamic behavior of stormwater runoff from a small impervious catchment was investigated from a series of simulations for a radial type surface runoff. Based on the simulation results, a better placement strategy for stormwater inlets to improve performance of a structural best management practice (BMP) was suggested. The degree of pollutant first flush from an ideal radial type impervious catchment was simulated using a 1-D diffusion wave equation coupled with a pollutant transport equation. The results showed that the first flush of the chemical oxygen demand was the strongest when the catchment length ranged 30-50m at a bed slope of 0.02. This result suggested that a required degree of the first flush can be intentionally obtained by just changing the locations and numbers of stormwater inlets, and thereby adjusting the catchment length. Particularly, the overall performance of a structural BMP in reducing pollutant load can be improved by placing the stormwater inlets at locations for obtaining a required first flush strength.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.117.1-117
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• 2003

새송이 버섯은 맛과 향이 좋고 영양적으로 우수하여 성인병 예방과 개선 효과가 있다고 알려져 있으나 재배농가의 급증으로 인한 가격하락과 집중출하로 신선도의 하락 등이 문제가 되고 있어 새송이 버섯의 활용성을 향상시키고, 소비자의 기호를 충족시킬 수 있는 버섯류 가공품 개발이 요구되고 있다. 전통절임식품을 응용한 새로운 버섯류 장류절임 가공법을 개발하기 위하여 절임 전 처리에 따른 품질특성을 비교하였으며, 이를 위하여 먼저 절임 전처리 조건으로 블랜칭처리, 적정 염농도와 처리시간 및 탈염법을 개발하고 건조 등의 전처리에 따른 품질 평가는 수분함량, 염도, 색상, 조직감, 관능특성 등을 평가하였다. 새송이 버섯을 전처리하기 위한 블랜칭 처리조건은 7$0^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 처리한 구가 조직감이 우수하고 갈변이 적었으며 염 침지시간은 침지 72시간까지는 증가하였으나 그 이후로는 증가하지 않았고 4$0^{\circ}C$에서 탈염하는 것이 가장 우수하여 전처리 조건으로 선정하였다. 전처리 방법에 따른 중량변화는 블랜칭 처리가 약 10% 정도 중량이 더 많았으며 이 영향은 건조 후에도 지속되었다. 수분함량도 블랜칭 처리가 높았으며 염도 또한 건조 처리에 따라 높은 함량을 보였으나 블랜칭 처리를 병행했을 경우 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 조직의 강도는 무처리에 비하여 전처리를 함에 따라 많은 힘이 소요되어 질긴 조직 특성을 나타냄을 알 수 있다. 관능평가 결과 블랜칭 처리를 단독으로 실시한 B(B)처리구가 관능적 특성치 모두 높은 값을 보여 전처리 방법으로는 가장 우수한 전처리 방법임을 알 수 있었다.저온 장시간 처리한 경우에 비하여 낮은 수준이지만 약간의 증감 경향을 보이다가 고른 평형 상태를 유지하였다. 산소 농도는 저온 장시간 처리 직후 급격히 저하된 후 다시 증가하였으며 저장 7일 후에는 4$0^{\circ}C$ 3시간 처리구를 제외하고는 평형 상태를 유지하였다. 고온 단시간 처리구의 경우 처리 직후부터 저장 7일 후까지 고른 평형 상태를 유지하였다. 에틸렌의 경우 저온 장시간 처리구는 처리 직후 그 농도가 급격히 상승하였다가 저장 1일 후부터 대조구보다 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 고온 단시간 처리구의 경우 저온 장시간 처리구와는 달리 저장 1일 후부터 그 농도가 다소 상승되었다가 다시 감소는 경향을 보였다. 한편 열처리하여 냉각시킨 직후 및 저장1주 후 사과의 pH, 산도, 당도, 경도, 과육의 갈변도 등을 조사하였던 바 대조구 및 처리구간에 일부 항목에 있어서는 약간의 차이를 나타내었다. 대치할 수 있을 것이라고 사료된다. 수분함량은 기계적 검사보다 관능검사와 더욱 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다.내었다. 항균활성이 우수한 생약재를 농도별로 활성을 조사한 결과, 물 추출물과 10% Ethanol 추출물 모두 낮은 농도에서도 우수한 항균활성을 나타내었다.취와 함께 점질성 갈변물질이 생성되었다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때, BAAG의 처리는 BAAC의 경우보다 가격은 저렴하면서도 항균력은 우수한 천연 항균복합제재로써 농산물 식품원료에 적용하여 선도유지 기간을 연장할 수 있는 효과를 기대할 수 있었다. 과일 등의 포장제로서 이용할 가능성을 확인하였다.로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2012

The obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent. It may have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and increased health problems such as lifestyle disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Furthermore, it may cause the mental illness such as depression, bipolar disorder, anorexia, hyperphagia, and so on by shrinking psychologically. So, it is regarded as the serious worldwide social problem. Recently, although there are many general obesity care methods with various approaches, these can't be the radical obesity care because of the side effects such as surgery aftereffect, drug addiction, and so on. For these reasons, a methodical approach with a consideration of individual obesity pattern is strongly demanded. In this study, complex obesity care and management system which is overcome the weakness of non-surgical obesity treatment is proposed. And the individually adapted obesity treatment system with the far-infrared therapy module, oxygen therapy module, color therapy module, and microwave therapy module was developed. The complex obesity treatment system which is proposed in this study, could improve the efficiency of treatment by suggesting the various treatment protocols. And proposed system could be the foundation of the high quality obesity treatment system.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to review the brief physiological characteristics and some factors of the quality decay of strawberry harvested in Korea. Strawberries are highly perishable with soft surface. Surface injury and fungus growth are common as a result of handling and distribution. Many growers and distributers are considered to protect the physical impact and inhibit the fungus growth for prolonging the shelf life in the distribution and market channels. Post-harvest treatments of precooling, carbon dioxide, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and ultrasound are practiced on strawberry in order to extend shelf-life and preserve the quality. Modified atmosphere packaging, edible coating, and oxygen absorbent application can be used as supplemental treatments to extend postharvest-life of strawberry. The packaging types for current domestic and export strawberry in Korea were summarized. The findings from this study can be lead to a better understanding of strawberry packaging development associated with the proper handling and distribution of strawberry. This could be useful for the strawberry growers, distributors, and buyers.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2017

Purpose: This study investigated changes in life-sustaining treatments in terminally ill cancer patients after consenting to a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order. Methods: Electronic medical records were reviewed to select terminally ill cancer patients who were treated at the oncology unit of the Asan Medical Center, a tertiary hospital in South Korea and died between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2013. Results: The median (range) age of the 200 patients was 59 (22~89) years, and 62% (124 persons) were male. Among all patients, 83.5% were aware of their medical condition, and 47.0% of the patients had their DNR order signed by their spouses. The median of the patients' hospital stay was 15 days, and time from admission to DNR decision was 10 days. After signing a DNR order, 35.7~100% of the life-sustaining treatments that had been provided at the time of the DNR decision making were administered. The most commonly discontinued interventions were transfusion (13.5%), blood test (11.5%) and parenteral nutrition (8.5%). Conclusion: It is necessary to define the scope of life-sustaining treatments for DNR patients. Treatment guidelines should be established as well to secure terminal patients' death with dignity after their consent to a DNR order, thereby avoiding meaningless life-sustaining treatments and allowing administration of active terminal care interventions.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.591-607
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• 2013

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the aquatic environment of an urban stream using various ecological parameters of biological biomarkers, physical habitat quality and chemical water quality and to develop a "Multimetric Eco-Model" ($M_m$-E Model) for the ecosystem evaluations. For the applications of the $M_m$-E model, three zones including the control zone ($C_Z$) of headwaters, transition zone ($T_Z$) of mid-stream and the impacted zone ($I_Z$) of downstream were designated and analyzed the seasonal variations of the model values. The biomarkers of DNA, based on the comet assay approach of single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), were analyzed using the blood samples of Zacco platypus as a target species, and the parameters were used tail moment, tail DNA(%) and tail length (${\mu}m$) in the bioassay. The damages of DNA were evident in the impacted zone, but not in the control zone. The condition factor ($C_F$) as key indicators of the population evaluation indicator was analyzed along with the weight-length relation and individual abnormality. The four metrics of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) were added for the evaluations of physical habitat. In addition, the parameters of chemical water quality were used as eutrophic indicators of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and conductivity. Overall, our results suggested that attributes of biomarkers and bioindicators in the impacted zone ($I_Z$) had sensitive response largely to the chemical stress (eutrophic indicators) and also partially to physical habitat quality, compared to the those in the control zone.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.220-225
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• 2012

This study examined the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine or medetomidine in combination with ketamine-butorphanol in dogs. Five dogs were used in both the medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol (MKB) group and the xylazine-ketamine-butorphanol (XKB) group. The procedures for the two groups were performed 4 weeks apart. MKB group showed a shorter duration for anesthesia than XKB group. Other factors were not statistically significant between the two groups. The MKB group showed signs of bradycardia, therefore cautious patient monitoring is necesessary. The XKB showed a longer anesthetic time and less adverse effects, however the MKB combination was more expensive and had less advantages. In conclusion, the results suggested the recommended use of both MKB and XKB in procedures that need approximately 50 minutes. If patients have a risk of bradycardia, one should be cautious of using a medetomidine-xylazine-butorphanol combination. Both MKB and XKB did not have much adverse effects; however MKB did not have advantages when compared to XKB. Therefore, XKB may be more effective when compared to MKB.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2000

The effects of clearcutting on soil chemical ingredients and stream water quality have been investigated at a natural deciduous forest catchment within the Seoul National University Research Forest in Mt. Paekun, Chunnam province during the periods of 1993 to 1998. Soil chemical ingredients and stream water qualities were monitored at a 13 ha clearcutting site and a non-treatment site nearby. During the first and second years after harvesting, the levels of total-N, and exchangeable ions (K/sup ＋/, Na/sup ＋/, Ca/sup 2＋/, Mg/sup 2＋/) decreased compared to the values of before harvesting. During the fifth years after harvesting, these levels were significantly higher than those during the first and second years after harvesting. But the chemical characteristics of soil were not changed at all. pH of water in the harvesting area was 6.5 in stream water. Among the nutrients, Cd, Pb, Cu, and phosphate were not found, and the level of BOD reached at the level of the domestic use suitable for drinking. Turbidity, odor, taste, NH/sub 4//sup ＋/ -N, NO/sub 3//sup -/-N, standard plate count, and coliform were also low enough to be used as the domestic use for drinking by the near villagers. During the first and second years after harvesting, BOD increased to about 1 ppm. For that reason, the harvesting planning should be built in the harvesting area in consideration of the control of water quality in the stream.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.779-785
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• 2015

Cathodic protection is recognized as the most cost-effective and technically appropriate corrosion prevention method for the submerged zone of offshore structures, ships, and deep-sea facilities. When cathodic protection is applied, the cathodic currents cause dissolved oxygen reduction, generating hydroxyl ions near the polarized surface that increase the interfacial pH and result in enhanced carbonate ion concentration and precipitation of an inorganic layer whose principal component is calcium carbonate. Depending on the potential, magnesium hydroxide can also precipitate. This mixed deposit is generally called "calcareous deposit." This layer functions as a barrier against the corrosive environment, leading to a decrease in current demand. Hence, the importance of calcareous deposits for the effective, efficient operation of marine cathodic protection systems is recognized by engineers and scientists concerned with cathodic protection in submerged marine environments. Calcareous deposit formation on a marine structure depends on the potential, current, pH, temperature, pressure, sea-water chemistry, flow, and time; deposit quality is significantly influenced by these factors. This study determines how calcareous deposits form in sea water, and assesses the interrelationship of formation conditions (such as the sea water temperature and surface condition of steel), deposited structure, and properties and the effectiveness of the cathodic protection.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2020

To improve the nitrogen reduction capability of stormwater treatment systems subjected to intermittent saturation, organic materials are often added as filter media. However, these materials can be an additional source of organic carbon and increase the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the outflow. In this study, different types of organic filter media were subjected to a batch leaching test to observe and quantify the release of COD. Results reveal that the initial pH of the tap water used for soaking which is 7.5-7.7 is conducive to the release of organics from the media to the leachate. The highest amount of COD released was observed in yard clippings and woodchip followed by compost and bark mulch. The leaching of organics also increased as the size of the media decreases due to higher surface area per volume. In addition, empirical regression analysis predicted that COD from these organic media will be exhausted from the material in 3-5 months to up to 26 months depending on the type of media. The results of this study can serve as a guide in estimating the potential release of COD in organic media in order to ensure their safe application in stormwater treatment facilities.