• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2011

This study was carried out to clarify the change characteristics of stream water quality by type of forest from June to August, 2009 in three stands (Castanea crenata, Pinus densiflora and Plantation Land) of Samgye-ri Naedong-myeon Jinju-si Gyeongsangnam-do. The pH of stream water in three stands was highest in Pinus densiflora (pH 7.18) followed by Castanea crenata (pH 6.90) and Plantation land (pH 6.90) while the electrical conductivity of stream water was highest in Plantation land followed by Castanea crenata stand and Pinus densiflora stand was the lowest. Cations contents of stream water in three stands were high in order of $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, and $NH_{4}{^{+}}$. But anions of stream water in Castanea crenata stand and Pinus densiflora stand were high in order of $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$, $Cl^{-}$ and $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ while those of stream water in Plantation land were high in order of $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$, $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ and $C\lambda^{-}$. The stream water in three stands was significant at pH, EC, $NO{^{3-}}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$, $Cl^{-}$, TNU and Color by duncan test. These results indicate that quality of stream water have a difference among three stands. The level of pH, $NH_{4}{^{+}}$, $Cl^{-}$, $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$ and $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ of stream water in three stands were within the domestic use standard for drinking water. but turbidity and color of stream water were more than that of domestic use standard for drinking water. Therefore, non-point sources like urban forest watersheds which are soil erosion and fertilizer application lands should be taken to the appropriate mitigation measures if they are to be used as source of drinking water.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.639-645
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to introduce the TPI approach for interpreting land-forms of mountain forests in South Korea. We develop an objective procedure to decide the scale factor as a basic analytical unit in land-form classification of rugged mountain areas using TPI. In order to determine the scale factor associated with the pattern of slope profiles, the gradient variance curve was derived from a revised hypsometric curve developed using the relief energy of topographic profiles. Using the gradient variance curve, found was the grid size with which the change in relief energy got the peak point. The grid size at the peak point was determined as the scale factor for the study area. In order to investigate the performance of the procedure based on the gradient variance curve, it was applied to determination of the site-specific scale factors of 3 different terrain conditions; highly-rugged, moderately-rugged and relatively less-rugged. The TPI associated with the corresponding scale factors by study site was, then, determined and used in classifying the land-forms. According to the results of this study, the scale factor gets shorter with more rugged terrain conditions. It was also found that the numbers of valleys and ridges estimated with TPI show almost the same trends as those of the observed and the scale factors tends to approach to the mean distance of ridges.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.21-21
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• 2021

주걱댕강나무는 경남 양산의 천성산에서만 생육하는 산림청·국립수목원 지정 희귀식물(Critically Endangered, CR)로 현지외 보전 및 대체 서식지 조성을 위해 번식 특성에 대해 알아보았다. 종자번식의 경우 450립의 종자를 저장방법에 따라 파종한 결과 노천매장 3.56%, 저온건조저장 0.67%, 습사저온저장 0.22%로 발아율이 매우 저조하였으며, 배양토 조건에 따라 직파 실험한 결과 모래 2.44%, 원예용 상토 2.22%, 현지내 산림토 1.11%, 현지외 산림토 0%로 이 또한 발아율이 매우 저조하였다. 삽목번식의 경우 숙지삽은 모래+펄라이트 36.1%, 모래 31.1%, 원예용 상토 20.0%로 나타났으며, 휴면지 삽수의 발근촉진제 처리 효과는 IBA 1,000PPM에서 37.8%, IBA 7,000PPM 30.0%, 무처리 28.9%, IBA 5,000PPM 27.8%의 발근율을 보였고 신초길이, 뿌리의 수, 뿌리 길이는 전반적으로 발근촉진제 처리와 함께 농도가 높아질수록 뿌리 성장이 왕성한 것으로 나타났다. 녹지삽은 모래 80%, 모래+펄라이트 76.7%, 피트모스+마사토 73.3%, 피트모스+펄라이트+버미큘라이트 70.0% 순이며, 왕모래와 왕모래+마사토는 26.7%와 36.7%로 다소 저조하였다. 녹지삽수의 굵기는 4mm이상 구간에서 발근율이 73.3%로 가장 높았으며, 녹지삽수의 길이는 7~8cm 구간에서 80.0%로 가장 높게 나타나 삽수의 굵기가 굵고 8cm내외의 길이가 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 근삽은 발아율이 88.3~96.7%로 모든 배양토에서 높게 나타났다. 근삽수 직경 7~8mm에서 100%이며 3~4mm 또한 91%로 나타났다. 근삽수 길이는 4~5cm와 10~11cm에서 100%, 6~7cm 88.1%, 8~9cm 94.4%로 나타나 4~5cm를 제외하고는 삽수 길이가 길수록 신초 생장과 발근이 비례하는 것을 확인하였다. 주걱댕강나무는 실생보다 삽목번식이 더 효율적이며, 그 중 근삽이 가장 발근율이 높다. 배양토는 모래 단용구를 제외하고는 평균 95%이상으로 나타났으며, 근삽수는 직경이 굵고 길수록 신초 생장과 발근이 왕성하다. 따라서, 현지외 보전을 위해 향후 휴면성의 종자 발아 연구가 필요하며, 영양번식을 할 경우 근삽이 가장 효율적인 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1227-1234
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• 2019

Prunus mume, also known as maesil, is a popular fruit consumed in East Asia (Korea, Japan, and China). It contains high amounts of organic acids, minerals, and polyphenols and has been used as a medication for fever, vomiting, and detoxification. In this study, the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of solvent fractions from maesil were evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays, morphological evaluations, Hoechst 33258 staining, and western blotting. Addition of the maesil methanol fraction (MMF) and the maesil butanol fraction (MBF) significantly and dose-dependently decreased the cell viability of HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Colony-forming assays confirmed that the MMF and MBF treatments decreased colony numbers when compared with untreated control cells. Treatment of HT-29 cells with MMF and MBF caused a distortion of the cell morphology to a shrunken cell mass. Treatment with MMF and MBF also dose-dependently increased nuclear condensation and the formation of apoptotic bodies in HT-29 cells. Treatment with MMF and MBF significantly and dosedependently increased the expression of Bax (a pro-apoptotic protein), caspase-3, and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic protein). MMF significantly and dose-dependently inhibited cell proliferation induced by bisphenol A, an environmental hormone. Therefore, MMF may have potential use as a functional food and as a possible therapeutic agent for the prevention of colon cancer.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.517-525
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• 2013

Time-series data of Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained by the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) satellite imagery gives a waveform that reveals the characteristics of the phenology. The waveform can be decomposed into harmonics of various periods by the Fourier transformation. The resulting $n^{th}$ harmonics represent the amount of NDVI change in a period of a year divided by n. The values of each harmonics or their relative relation have been used to classify the vegetation species and to build a vegetation map. Here, we propose a method to estimate the annual amount of carbon absorbed on the forest from the $1^{st}$ harmonic NDVI value. The $1^{st}$ harmonic value represents the amount of growth of the leaves. By the allometric equation of trees, the growth of leaves can be considered to be proportional to the total amount of carbon absorption. We compared the $1^{st}$ harmonic NDVI values of the 6220 sample points with the reference data of the carbon absorption obtained by the field survey in the forest of South Korea. The $1^{st}$ harmonic values were roughly proportional to the amount of carbon absorption irrespective of the species and ages of the vegetation. The resulting proportionality constant between the carbon absorption and the $1^{st}$ harmonic value was 236 tCO2/5.29ha/year. The total amount of carbon dioxide absorption in the forest of South Korea over the last ten years has been estimated to be about 56 million ton, and this coincides with the previous reports obtained by other methods. Considering that the amount of the carbon absorption becomes a kind of currency like carbon credit, our method is very useful due to its generality.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.121-135
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• 2003

1999년 7월 청주권을 비롯한 7개 지방중소도시권은 친환경적 도시기본계획을 수립한 후 개발제한구역을 해제하도록 하고, 수도권을 비롯한 7개 대도시권은 보전가치가 낮은 지역을 위주로 부분적으로 해제하도록 하였다. 그리하여 표고, 경사도, 농업적성도, 식물상, 임업적성도, 수질 등 6개 항목에 대한 환경평가를 통해 개발제한구역에 용도지역이 지정되었다. 청주시의 경우 환경평가와 주민의견 반영 후 도시계획재정비에 따라 용도지역이 지정되었으나, 평지나 산림생산성이 떨어지는 곳은 낮은 환경등급을 받아 개발이 가능한 용도지역이 지정됨으로써 벨트형 녹지 유지가 어려워져, 시가지 팽창, 대전과 연담화, 도시 허파기능 상실 등의 가능성이 커지게 되었다. 따라서 청주권 개발제한구역의 시가화 영향을 토지피복, 지목, 용도지역 등의 변화를 통해 살펴보고, 6개 항목에 대한 환경평가 과정상 문제점을 고찰한 후, 개발제한구역의 해제 영향을 도시성장측면과 환경용량평가를 통해 규명하고, 전략환경평가의 적용방안을 모색하고자 한다. 전략환경평가의 시행을 위해서는 먼저 오염총량관리제, 국토의 계획 및 이용에 관한 법률에 의한 개발밀도관리구역, 수도권정비계획법에 의한 인구집중시설에 대한 개발총량규제 등이 반영되어야 할 것이다. 그리고 이미 시행중인 개발사업 및 개발계획중인 사업에 대한 누적영향평가와 함께 해당 지역에 대한 환경용량평가가 이뤄져야 하고, 아울러 개발제한구역 해제지역에 대한 사전환경성검토업무편람의 내용을 토대로 하여 환경평가항목에 대한 스코우핑, 환경평가 지표 개발이 이뤄져야 할 것이다.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.55-67
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• 2006

20세기에 탄생한 동력비행기는 인간의 이동능력을 비약적으로 향상시켰다. 인류의 미개척지였던 항공분야의 발전은 지속적인 기술개발을 통해 더 빨리, 더 멀리, 더 높이 향하기 위해서 계속 나아가고 있다. 이러한와중에 최근에 괄목할 만한 성장을 이룬 컴퓨터와 소프트웨어 산업의 발전은 비행임무에 따라 위험성이 높거나, 사람이 하기 힘든 반복적이고 지루한 비행을 대신하기위한 로봇 비행체 즉, 무인항공기의 개발을 가능하게 하였다. 무인항공기의 탄생 초기에는 조종사의 희생을 줄이기 위해 군사 분야에서 주로 사용되었으나, 산림감시나 해안정찰, 기상관측, 재난관측, 조난자 수색 등 민수분야의 임무로 점차 활동영역이 넓혀지고 있다. 현재 무인항공기에 탑재된 인공지능의 수준은 안정된 비행이 가능하도록 하는 자동조종(autopilot)과 주어진 비행경로를 추종하기위한 항법유도(Navigation & Guidance)정도이며, 비행 중 발생하는 비상상황에 대처하기 위한 의사판단은 지상의 조종자에 의해 결정된다. 앞으로는 계획되지 않은 상황을 맞이했을 때 무인기 스스로 판단하여 경로를 변경하고, 동시에 여러 무인기들과 협력하여 임무를 수행함으로써 임무효율을 높이는 방향으로 인공지능의 수준이 향상될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 최근의 무인항공기 개발추세와 이들 무인기에 고려되고 있는 제어기에 대해 살펴보고, 향후 무인항공기에 적용될 자율비행 알고리듬과 제어기 시스템의 개발동향에 대해 고찰하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.312-314
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• 2021

The government sees drones as a key future growth engine, prepares plans to foster the nation-led drone industry, conducts pilot projects in various fields, such as transporting goods, forest protection, monitoring, facility safety diagnosis, and is actively in the use of drones. In particular, the police are attempting to use drones to search for missing people. However, existing drones have a short operating time due to the limitation of battery time. The effectiveness of the existing drones is insufficient because it has no choice but to search by aerial photography on the mountain tops in hillside or dense forest. In this study, we propose an FPV drone that utilizes virtual reality as a drone that can overcome the limitations of searching for missing people.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.440-446
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• 2019

This study examined the growth and fruiting characteristics and the acorns biomass allometric equation of Quercus acuta to provide reference data related to the growth and seed supply during the restoration of evergreen forest in the warm temperate zone in Wando Island, Korea. For the growth survey, we selected and cut three sample trees having a mean diameter at breast height (DBH) to investigate the growth analysis through a stem analysis. We then developed the allometric equation (Y=aX+b) of DBH and tree height growth characteristic (Y) according to the average tree age (X) of sampled trees and estimated the DBH and tree height according to the age of Quercus acuta. For the fruiting survey, we selected and cut three sample trees with full fruit in August when, they are at the early mature fruiting stage, for the analysis. To develop the acorns/tree biomass allometric equation of Quercus acuta, we selected and cut ten sample trees of evenly divided diameters. The acorns biomass allometric equation ($Y=aX^b$) was derived by analyzing the biomass (Y) and the growth characteristics (X), such as the DBH, tree height, crown width, and crown height. The allometric equations of average tree age according to DBH and tree height were Y=0506X-2.064 ($R^2=0.999$) and Y=0.321X+0689 ($R^2=0.992$), respectively. The developed allometric equations estimated that the DBH were 3.0cm, 8.1cm, 13.1cm and 18.2cm while the tree heights were 3.9m, 7.1m, 10.3m, and 13.5m when the tree ages were 10, 20, 30, and 40 years, respectively. The analysis results of fruiting characteristics showed that the length, the diameter, the number of fruits, and the number of acorns per fruiting branch had the statistically significant difference and tended to decrease from the upper part to the lower part of crown downward. The total number of acorns was 1,312 acorns/tree in the upper part, 115 acorns/tree in the middle part, and 5 acorns/tree in the lower part of the crown. The allometric equation for the amount of acorns with DBH as an independent variable was $Y=0.003X^{4.260}$ with the coefficient of determination at 0.896. Although the coefficient of determination of the allometric equation using only DBH as the independent variable was lower than that using DBH and tree height ($D^2H$), it would be more practical to consider only DBH as the independent variable because of measurement errors.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2007

KoFlux Gwangneung Supersite comprises complex topography and diverse vegetation types (and structures), which necessitate complementary multi-disciplinary measurements to understand energy and matter exchange. Here, we report the results of this ongoing research with special focuses on carbon/water budgets in Gwangneung forest, implications of inter-dependency between water and carbon cycles, and the importance of hydrology in carbon cycling under monsoon climate. Comprehensive biometric and chamber measurements indicated the mean annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of this forest to be ${\sim}2.6\;t\;C\;ha^{-1}y^{-1}$. In conjunction with the tower flux measurement, the preliminary carbon budget suggests the Gwangneung forest to be an important sink for atmospheric $CO_2$. The catchment scale water budget indicated that $30\sim40%$ of annual precipitation was apportioned to evapotranspiration (ET). The growing season average of the water use efficiency (WUE), determined from leaf carbon isotope ratios of representative tree species, was about $12{\mu}mol\;CO_2/mmol\;H_2O$ with noticeable seasonal variations. Such information on ET and WUE can be used to constrain the catchment scale carbon uptake. Inter-annual variations in tree ring growth and soil respiration rates correlated with the magnitude and the pattern of precipitation during the growing season, which requires further investigation of the effect of a monsoon climate on the catchment carbon cycle. Additionally, we examine whether structural and functional units exist in this catchment by characterizing the spatial heterogeneity of the study site, which will provide the linkage between different spatial and temporal scale measurements.