• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2023

This study was conducted to understand the vegetation characteristics of Cheongwansan Provincial Park through the analysis of the plant community structure and to build data necessary for the continuous management and protection of Cheongwansan Provincial Park. The TWINSPAN and DCS analyses of the plant community structure of 63 survey districts in Cheongwansan Provincial Park identified eight colonies, including Cryptomeria japonica Community (I), Chamaecyparis obtusa-Pinus densiflora Commuity (II), P. rigida-P. densiflora Community (III), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Community (IV), P. densiflora Community (V), deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Community (VI), Q. mongolica-P. densiflora Community (VII) and P. thunbergii Community (VIII). The colonies can be grouped into afforestation communities (I, II, and III) dominated by C. obtusa, C. japonica, and P. rigida and natural forest communities (IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) dominated by native species. Although Cheongwansan Provincial Park is a provincial park area that can represent natural ecosystems and landscapes, the rate of artificial forests is higher than that of other provincial parks. Most of the artificial forest communities are expected to maintain their current state, but since native species such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and deciduous broad-leaved, which are warm-temperate trees introduced through surrounding natural forests, appear in the lower layer, it is determined that it is possible to induce succession to natural forests suitable for climatic characteristics through management, and monitoring for continuous management is also necessary. Deciduous broad-leaved such as Quercus spp. Copete with P. densiflora in most natural forest communities. The vegetation series in the warm-temperate region of Korea appears to be in the early stages, and it is believed that the succession to Q. serrata or Q. mongolica, which appears next to coniferous in the series, is in progress. However, M. thunbergii and N. sericea, which appear in the middle stage of the succession in the warm-temperate region, have started to appear, and since Jangheung-gun belongs to the warm-temperate region considering the climate characteristics, the eventual succession to the warm-temperate forests dominated by evergreen broad-leaved is also expected. In this study, we built vegetation data from Cheongwansan Provincial Park, which lacks research on vegetation. However, since vegetation research in Cheongwansan Provincial Park is still insufficient, it is believed that further research should be continuously conducted to establish forest vegetation data and observe vegetation changes.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.460-470
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• 2013

Forest vegetation of Choksangsan area in the Deogyusan National Park is classified into mountain forest vegetation. Mountain forest vegetation is subdivided into deciduous broad-leaved forest, valley forest, coniferous forest, afforestation and other vegetation. Including 103 communities of mountain forest vegetation and 8 communities of other vegetation, the total of 111 communities were researched; the mountain forest vegetation classified by physiognomy classification are 36 communities deciduous broad-leaved forest, 26 communities of valley forest, 10 communities of coniferous forests, 31 plantation and 8 other vegetation. As for the distribution rate for surveyed main communities, Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis communities account for 65.96 percent of deciduous broad-leaved forest, Fraxinus mandshurica community takes up 22.50 percent of mountain valley forest, Pinus densiflora community holds 63.27 percent of mountain coniferous forest holds. In conclusion, minority species consisting of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, and Quercus variabilis are distributed as dominant species of the uppermost part in a forest vegetation of Choksangsan in Deogyusan National Park. In addition, because of vegetation succession and climate factors, numerous colonies formed by the two species are expected to be replaced by Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora and Fraxinus mandshurica which are climax species in the area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.223-236
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• 2021

This study aims to provide basic data for the systematic conservation and efficient management of forest ecosystems by analyzing changes in understory vegetation of temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests. One-hectare permanent survey plot, consisting of 100 subplots sized 10 × 10 meters, was installed in Gwangneung forest in Pocheon, Gyeonggi-do in 2003. The state of stands and the understory vegetation in the permanent survey plot were examined at a 5-year interval from 2003 to 2018. The vascular plants found in the survey area were 56 families, 128 genera, 176 species, 18 variants, 4 varieties, and 1 subspecies, for a total of 199 taxa. The number of species in both the shrub layer and the herbaceous layer showed a tendency to decrease with time. The MRPP-tests showed a significantly differing species composition of the shrub layer in all years except 2008-2013, whereas significant differences were found in all years concerning the herbaceous layer. As for the average importance value, Euonymus oxyphyllus (18.23%), Acer pseudosieboldianum (16.48%), and Callicarpa japonica (13.85%) were dominant in the shrub layer, while Ainsliaea acerifolia (23.41%), Disporum smilacinum (9.45%), and Oplismenus undulatifolius (5.62%) were dominant in the herbaceous layer. In the shrub layer, the richness of Smilax china, Lonicera subsessilis, and Philadelphus schrenkii was high when the basal area and the stand density of an upper layer were high. By contrast, smaller basal area and stand density were associated with the richness of Acer pseudosieboldianum, Deutzia glabrata, Morus bombycis, and Cornus kousa. Furthermore, it was found out that the impact of the basal area and the stand density on the herbaceous layer decreased over time, while the herb layer's species composition was greatly affected by cover degrees of Euonymus oxyphyllus and Acer pseudosieboldianum in the shrub layer. In conclusion, the number of species in the understory vegetation in Gwangneung forest is continuously decreasing, thus implying that species diversity, basal area, and stand density of an upper layer can influence the species composition in understory vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.252-267
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• 2001

계룡산국립공원 동학사-남매탑구간의 산림군집구조를 분석하기 위하여 64개 조사구를 설정하고 식생구조를 실시하였다. Classification의 기법 중 하나인 TWINSPAN을 이용하여 군집분리를 시도하였으며, 그 결과 소나무 군집(I), 굴참나무-소나무군집(II), 서어나무-굴참나무군집(III), 굴참나무-졸참나무군집(IV), 서어나무-까지박달군집(V), 신갈나무-서어나무군집(VI), 느티나무-졸참나무군집(VII) 그리고 느티나무군집(VIII)의 8개로 분리되었다. 연륜분석결과 이지역의 임령은 약 60년 안팍이었으며, 단위면적(100$\m^2$)당 평균출현종수는 15.0$\pm$3.2종. 평균출현개체수는 95.7$\pm$37.3주었다. 이상의 결과를 통해 계룡산국립공원이 동학사-남매탑구간 지역은 소나무림에서 굴참나무, 졸참나무, 신갈나무림을 거쳐 서어나무, 까지박달림으로 천이가 진행될것으로 예상되었다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.471-471
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• 2015

토양내의 수분흐름을 이해하는 것은 토양수분의 시공간적 분포변화와 유출기작을 규명하는데 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 설마천유역의 작은 사면에서의 장력측정 시스템을 구축하여, 3차원의 흐름방향에 대해 잠재적 흐름구배를 평가하고자 하였다. 또한 흐름구배를 평가하기 위한 일반적 산술적 계산방법인 평균적 흐름구배와 측정시스템의 구조적 영향 및 흐름구배의 공간적 평가 기준을 고려한 계산방법론을 개발하여 비교 평하였다. 3차원의 흐름방향은 사면의 지표경사를 기준으로 x, y, z축을 기준으로 하여, 각 축 방향에 해당하는 흐름구배 값과 흐름방향을 각각 계산하였다. 그 결과, 강우사상에 따른 토양내의 장력변화는 매우 민감하게 변화하였으며, 이에 따른 각 흐름구배 값과 흐름방향의 반응이 빠르게 반응을 하였다. 특히, 습윤, 건조기간동안의 흐름구배의 발달 및 방향이 바뀌는 천이되는 상태인 흐름 굽힘 현상(flow Bending)을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.3
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• pp.245-257
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• 2018

The study was carried out to discover the forest vegetation structure in Hongdo Island, Jeonnam province. Vegetation data were collected by total of forty one quadrate plots using Z-M phytosociological method from June to August in 2017, and analyzed by vegetation classification, mean importance value and species diversity. As a result of vegetation type classification, Castanopsis sieboldii community group was classified at a top level of vegetation hierarchy. In the level of community, it was classified into Neolitsea sericea community and Carpinus turczaninowii community. N. sericea community was subdivided into Ficus erecta group(Vegetation unit 1) and Arisaema ringens group(VU 2). C. turczaninowii community was subdivided into Fraxinus sieboldiana group(VU 3) and C. turczaninowii typical group(VU 4). Therefore, it was classified into total of four vegetation units(one community group, three communities and four groups). As a result of mean importance value, Castanopsis sieboldii was the highest in VU 1, VU 2, VU 4, and C. turczaninowii in VU 4, respectively. In case of species diversity, VU 3 showed the highest among four units in species diversity index. In conclusion, the forest vegetation of Hongdo Island was classified into four units and seven species groups. Hongdo Island could be conclusively managed by community ecological approach for the units and groups. Also it was considered that a research for the succession to the evergreen broad-leaved forest should be more intensively proceeded near future.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.423-428
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the early growth of revegetation plants by microorganisms in slope of forest road in Jinju area. The results were summarized as follows; The chemical properties of forest soil were changed by microorganisms. Soil pH, organic mater content, concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations and CEC in treated plot were increased more than those of controlled plot in the surface soil. It showed that the availability of nutrients including nitrogen and phosphorus was increased by an application of microorganisms in the soil. The coverage rates showed statistically significant differences between plots (p<0.05). The germination rates of woody plants were better in treated plot than in controlled plot. The results indicate that the application of microorganisms would be significantly contributed for the early growth of revegetation plants on slope of forest road.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.590-598
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• 2015

Despite various control methods for pine wilt disease, the disease has been increasing at an alarming rate every year in Korea. Still there is a lack of research on the problems of the current methods used to curb the disease. One main method to control pine wilt disease is fumigation for eliminating the larva of the pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus) which is known as the vector insect for pine wilt disease. We surveyed and analyzed the amount of destroyed uninfected trees in the fumigated area by studying 32 survey plots ($100m^2$) in Miryang city. The destroyed trees' crown area was estimated by induced regression between root collar area and crown area of the remaining trees (coniferous tree: $R^2=57.4$, deciduous broad-leaved tree: $R^2=63.8$). According to the analysis results, the infected trees (cut trees) were 18.7% and cut trees which were not infected were 35.5% of the total tree population of the study area on the basis of total crown area. In case of pine trees, 8.4% of uninfected trees were cut off but 62% of uninfected deciduous broad-leaved trees including Quercus spp. were affected and damaged during the fumigation process. Since these broad-leaved trees dominate the sub-canopy layer of the forest, this indiscriminate interruption of broad-leaved trees has the adverse effect of depriving the public benefits such as shadow, a cooler weather, controlling humidity, etc.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.508-515
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• 2015

Post-fire restoration can affect breeding bird communities and species compositions over a long-term period by determining pot-fire succession, and a long-term monitoring is therefore required to understand its impacts on forest birds. This study aimed to document the effects of post-fire restoration methods on breeding bird communities in three areas: unburned and two burned (nonintervention and intervention with clear-cut logging and planting) stands 13 years after the stand-replacing Samcheok forest fire at Mt. Geombong in Samcheok, South Korea. According to 108 point counts during the breeding season from April to June 2013, we found that the number of individuals, observed bird species, and species diversity index in intervention stands with clear-cut logging and planting were lower than that in nonintervention and unburned control stands. Foraging and nesting guild analysis also showed a lower abundance of foliage searchers, timber drillers, primary cavity nesters and secondary cavity nesters in intervention stands than in the other stands, while no significant difference was detected between the nonintervention and unburned stands. These results imply that an interventional restoration method may deter the recovery of avian breeding communities after forest fires, and also suggest that non-interventional restoration methods may be an effective way to benefit the species diversity and density of breeding bird communities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 1999

The forest vegetation developing on Mt. Inwang, an isolated forestland in Seoul, Korea was analyzed phytosociologically and its spatial distribution mapped out. Using the vegetation map, The characteristics of landscape structures in terms of the number and size of patches are discussed. Forest vegetation of the study area was classified into ten communities, ten groups, and eighty subgroups. Landscape element types were classified into secondary forests, relict communities, introduced plantations, and other elements including urbanized area. Pinus densiflora community, natural forest and Robinia pseudo-acacia community, plantation, formed matrix and some secondary forest elements, relict communities and the ether plantations of small size tended to distribute as small patches in such matrix. The number of patches per unit area in secondary forest elements was more than that in plantation elements. The result in patch size was vice versa. The vascular plant species richness of the landscape element types in Mt. Inwang was found to he positively related to their size. As the results of landscape ecological analyses, it was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference a and those in subordinate levels to natural process such as progression of succession.