• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.102-118
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• 2010

Since hills are transitional area between plains and mountains, they are always under pressure to be developed. In the past, hills were recognized as areas that can be developed easily, but in the present they should be considered and preserved as forest resources. So far, little research has been done regarding cultivation status and transitional procedure. This study attempts to quantify changes in land use using time series data. To do so, this study has created a land use map for 1915, 1972, 2002 and 2006, and conducted a spatial analysis based on GIS. The research areas(the total size of the hills are 3,034 ha) are located in Chungcheongnam-do of South Korea. The size of the forest area of the hills in the research zone has decreased by 50% during the period of 1915 to 2006. The size of the reduced forest area after 2002 is similar to size of the reduced area that had taken place for the last 30 years before 2002. The reduction in forest area in the research area has led to increases in paddy field, upland field, artificial structures, and bare land. From 1915 to the late 1980s, hill development had been related to the primary industry and after the late 1980s, it has associated with the development of the secondary industry including industrial complex.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.4
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• pp.379-391
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• 2009

This study was carried out to classify forest vegetation structure of Mt. Munsu and Mt. Okseok from May to September in 2008 using phytosociological analysis methodology of Z-M school under the purpose of furnishing basic materials for rational and scientific forest management. Total of one hundred five study sites (quadrats) was investigated in the area. Quercus mongolica community group was divided into 5 communities such as Pinus densiflora for. erecta community, Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata community, Salix gracilistyla community, Pinus koraiensis community and Larix kaempferi community. Pinus densiflora for. erecta community was subdivided into Rhododendron micranthum group, Quercus variabilis group and Pinus densiflora for. erecta typical group. Hydrangea serrata for. acuminata community also into Ligularia fischeri group, Deutzia glabrata group (into Juglans mandshurica subgroup, Prunus maackii subgroup and Callicarpa japonica subgroup). Accordingly, the vegetation of the study areas could be described as 1 community group, 5 communities, 5 groups, and 3 subgroups and as 10 units in total. Classified vegetation units were highly correlated with altitude and topography. According the analysis of interspecific association, it was shown as three types which were coincident with differential species and character species on the constancy table.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.357-363
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• 2019

This study was conducted to develop a stem volume table for Quercus acutissima in Korea by using Kozak's stem taper equation. In total, 2700 tree samples were collected around the country, and growth performance was investigated through compiling data on diameters by stem height and stem analysis. In order to test the stem taper equation's fitness, the fitness index (FI), bias, and mean absolute deviation (MAD) were analyzed. The fitness of the equation was estimated at 97%, bias as 0.017, and MAD turned out to be 1.118, respectively. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant volume difference between the current volume table and the new volume table (p = 0.0008, <0.005). The result indicates that using the new volume table that reflects the actual forest will reduce the loss when assessing wood resources and will improve the accuracy of forest statistics for national and local governments. A stem volume table, the main result of this research, which is utilized in the estimated stem taper equation, will provide growth information for Quercus acutissima, one of the main broadleaf species in Korea, and will function as a management indicator for rational forest management.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2023

Several members of the genus Broussonetia are woody plants with high-quality cellulose fibers and are used to make a traditional type of Korean paper known as Hanji. Three of these species, Broussonetia kazinoki, Broussonetia monoica, and Broussonetia papyrifera, are found in the Korean Peninsula. Because it is challenging to distinguish different Broussonetia species based on morphology alone, we have developed a set of insertion/deletion (InDel) markers for genetic identification of these species. From twenty-two Broussonetia samples collected throughout Korea, we selected six for next-generation sequencing analysis. InDel marker candidates were identified by comparing this sequence information with the B. kazinoki chloroplast genome sequence. The marker candidates were used to screen the genomes of the twenty-two Broussonetia plants, and five useful chloroplast-based InDel markers were identified. Detailed genotyping using these five markers showed that the twenty-two plants of the genus Broussonetia could be clustered into five groups, verifying that the markers developed here can be used for breeding, identification, and analysis of species in the genus Broussonetia.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

The objective of this study were to offer a basis data for application of management of forest resources through grasping of species composition by layer of forest vegetation in the Mt. Geumwon recreational forest. The tree and subtree layer consisted of 27 and 44 species in Mt. Geumwon recreational forest respectively. The importance value of Quercus mongolica (57.1) and Q. serrata (40.4) were highest in the tree layer and that of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum (43.4) was highest in the subtree layer, respectively. The shrub and herb layer was composed of 71 and 69 species, respectively. The value of species diversity ranged from 1.0391 to 1.5403. Evenness ranged from 0.7259 to 0.8320. Dominance was 0.2741 at tree layer, 0.2440 at subtree layer, 0.1680 at shrub layer, and 0.1702 at herb layer, which showed that Mt. Geumwon recreational forest is dominated by a large number of species at all layer. The result of forest vegetation in Mt. Geumwon recreational forest may be utilized as a basic data for application of reasonable ecological management of forest resources.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.610-621
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• 2021

The soil creep, primarily caused by earthquakes and torrential rainfall events, has widely occurred across the country. The Korea Forest Service attempted to quantify the soil creep susceptible areas using a discriminant value table to prevent or mitigate casualties and/or property damages in advance. With the advent of advanced computer technologies, machine learning-based classification models have been employed for managing mountainous disasters, such as landslides and debris flows. This study aims to quantify the soil creep susceptibility using several classifiers, namely the k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), Naive Bayes (NB), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models. To develop the classification models, we downscaled 292 data from 4,618 field survey data. About 70% of the selected data were used for training, with the remaining 30% used for model testing. The developed models have the classification accuracy of 0.727 for k-NN, 0.750 for NB, 0.807 for RF, and 0.750 for SVM against test datasets representing 30% of the total data. Furthermore, we estimated Cohen's Kappa index as 0.534, 0.580, 0.673, and 0.585, with AUC values of 0.872, 0.912, 0.943, and 0.834, respectively. The machine learning-based classifications for soil creep susceptibility were RF, NB, SVM, and k-NN in that order. Our findings indicate that the machine learning classifiers can provide valuable information in establishing and implementing natural disaster management plans in mountainous areas.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 2024

Recently, in several regions of Korea, we discovered the occurrence of Sagina micropetala Rauschert and S. procumbens L. All the plants of the genus Sagina growing in Korea are 5-merous and belong to the sect. Spergella. However, the two taxa we discovered belong to the sect. Saginella and are 4-merous. In addition, morphological characteristics such as sepals during the fruiting season and seeds were significantly different from those of species of the genus Sagina that occur in Korea. To clearly identify these species, we compared and observed their primary morphological characteristics using illustrated books and literature. Morphologically, S. micropetala exhibits the following traits: pubescence along the leaf margin, horizontally spreading sepals with red margins, and convex protrusions on the seed surface. In contrast, S. procumbens can be distinguished by its pedicels, which are curved during the flowering season and erect during the fruiting season. This plant also has broadly ovate sepals with white or yellowish-green margins, and flat seed surface protrusions. In terms of molecular analyses, 19 samples of Sagina were divided into two clades (S. micropetala and S. procumbens), confirming the taxonomic identity of the Sagina spp.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.229-237
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• 2010

Recently, forest management objectives become more complex and complicated, and spatial constraints were necessarily considered for ecological stability. Now forest planning is required to provide an optimized solution that is able to achieve a number of management objectives and constraints. In this study, we developed a decision supporting system based on the one of dynamic planning techniques, Tabu Search (TS) heuristic algorithm, which enable one to generate an optimized solution for given objectives and constraints. For this purpose, we analyzed the logical flow of the algorithm and designed the subsequence of processes. To develop a high-performance computing system, we examined a number of strategy to minimize execution time and workloads in each process and to maximize efficiency of using system resources. We examined two model based on the original TS algorithm and revised version of TS algorithm and compared their performance in optimization process. The results showed high performance of the developed system in providing feasible solutions for several management objectives and constraints. Moreover, the revised version of TS algorithm was appeared to be more stable for providing results with minimum variation. The developed system is expected to use for developing forest management plans in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2020

최근 지구온난화로 인한 기후변화로 인해 지리적 분포가 한정적인 한반도 구과식물들은 점점 서식지 내 생육에 위협을 받고 있다. 이러한 구과식물의 지속이용가능한 보전을 위해서는 각 종별 형질 특성 및 분포, 생육정보 등의 기초정보 구축이 필요할 것이다. 구과식물(Pinidae, Conifers)은 전 세계적으로 나자식물(Gymnosperms)의 3/5정도인 630여분류군이 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있다(Farjon, 2008). 은행나무나 소철나무류 등 다른 나자식물과 비교하여 여러 복잡한 구조로 이루어진 구과(웅성, 자성 구과)를 형성하고, 잎은 대부분 바늘형으로 단순하며, 상록성인 특징 등으로 구분된다. 우리나라에 분포 및 식재되고 있는 나자식물 중 은행나무와 소철나무를 제외한 모든 나자식물이 구과식물에 속한다. 구과식물이 전 세계적으로 넓은 분포역을 갖지만, 종별로는 제한적인 분포를 갖는 것들이 많이 나타난다. 우리나라에 자생하는 구과식물 대부분도 동북아시아에만 분포하는 종들이 대다수이다. 한반도 구과식물은 총 5과 12속 23종 5변종 총 28분류군으로 확인되었다. 소나무과는 5속 12분류군으로 구상나무와 분비나무의 형태적 중복형질이 확인되었으며, 측백나무과는 3속 9분류군으로 눈향나무를 변종에서 종 수준으로 적용하였고, 어청도에서 해변노간주의 분포를 확인하였다. 개비자나무과는 1속 3분류군으로 수형에 따라 큰개비자나무, 눈개비자나무, 개비자나무로 구분하였다. 주목과는 비자나무속을 포함하여 2속 3분류군으로 설악눈주목에 대한 세부적인 분류학적 재검토가 필요할 것으로 판단한다. 나한송과는 1속 1분류군으로 신안군 가거도에서 나한송의 자생지를 확인하였다. 구상나무와 분비나무의 형태적 구분형질이 모호함에 따라 집단별 유전정보 분석을 통한 계통지리학적 연구를 수행하였다. 분석을 통해 구상나무는 빙하기에 북부지역의 조상종이 남하하여 분화되고, 후빙기에 중부지역까지 분포확장이 이루어진 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.224-238
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• 2022

North Korea has actively participated in the international community related to environmental agreements. It has proposed various environmental policies internally since the Kim Jong-un regime. In particular, it emphasizes activities related to climate change response, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the conservation of ecosystems including forests and wetlands. In this study, a new security cooperation plan was proposed with an understanding of the climate crisis and environmental regime as a starting point. To this end, trends and recent activities for climate-environment cooperation in the international community and on the Korean Peninsula were analyzed. In addition, North Korea's conditions for cooperation on the Korean Peninsula, technology demand, and the projected future environment of the Korean Peninsula were dealt with. Ultimately, through advice of experts, we were able to discover cooperation agendas by sector and propose short-term and long-term environmental cooperation strategies for the Korean Peninsula based on them. In this study, conditions and directions for cooperation in fields of climate technology, biological resources, air/weather, water environment, biodiversity, renewable energy, bioenergy, and so on were considered comprehensively. Among 21 cooperation agendas discovered in this study, energy showed the largest number of areas. Renewable energy, forest resources, and environmental and meteorological information stood out as agendas that could be cooperated in the short term. As representative initiatives, joint promotion of 'renewable energy' that could contribute to North Korea's energy demand and carbon neutrality and 'forest cooperation' that could be recognized as a source of disaster reduction and greenhouse gas sinks were suggested.