• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.145-162
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• 2005

To improve the accuracy of land-cover discrimination in SAB data classification, this paper presents a methodology that includes feature extraction and fusion steps with multi-temporal SAR data. Three features including average backscattering coefficient, temporal variability and coherence are extracted from multi-temporal SAR data by considering the temporal behaviors of backscattering characteristics of SAR sensors. Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence(D-S theory) and fuzzy logic are applied to effectively integrate those features. Especially, a feature-driven heuristic approach to mass function assignment in D-S theory is applied and various fuzzy combination operators are tested in fuzzy logic fusion. As experimental results on a multi-temporal Radarsat-1 data set, the features considered in this paper could provide complementary information and thus effectively discriminated water, paddy and urban areas. However, it was difficult to discriminate forest and dry fields. From an information fusion methodological point of view, the D-S theory and fuzzy combination operators except the fuzzy Max and Algebraic Sum operators showed similar land-cover accuracy statistics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2023

Forest biomass is used as a representative indicator of forest size, maturity, and productivity. Therefore, quantitative evaluation is important for management and harvest as well as the evaluation of ecosystem functions and services including CO₂ absorption. The allometric equation is a widely used method for estimating the value of each component through the relative growth rate of plants. Recently, studies indicated that the relative growth of trees is changing because of the increased CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere and the resulting climate change, raising the need to review the previously developed relative growth models and coefficients. In this study, the height-diameter at breast height (DBH) relationships of four major tree species in Korea [(Pinus densiflora (PD), Larix kaempferi (LK), Quercus variabilis (QV), and Quercus mongolica (QM)] were analyzed using the 5th-7th National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. Furthermore, these results were compared with the present yield table from the National Institute for Forest Science. This analysis revealed that the expected height for the same DBH increased as the NFI progressed. For example, in model analysis, the expected heights for PD, LK, QV, and QM for DBH of 25 cm were 12.48, 19.17, 14.47, and 13.19 m, respectively, in the 5th NFI data. In the 7th NFI data, these values were estimated as 13.61 (+9.1%), 21.58 (+12.7%), 15.76 (+8.9%), and 13.93 m (+5.6%), respectively. These results indicate that the major tree species in South Korean forests currently are more vigorous in height growth than in diameter growth when compared to the height-DBH development trends by tree species identified through past survey data.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.540-547
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• 2011

This study was conducted to compare classification accuracy by tree species using QuickBird imagery for pixel- and segment-based classifications that have been mostly applied to classify land covers. A total of 398 points was used as training and reference data. Based on this points, the points were classified into fourteen land cover classes: four coniferous and seven deciduous tree species in forest classes, and three non-forested classes. In pixel-based classification, three images obtained by using raw spectral values, three tasseled indices, and three components from principal component analysis were produced. For the both classification processes, the maximum likelihood method was applied. In the pixel-based classification, it was resulted that the classification accuracy with raw spectral values was better than those by the other band combinations. As resulted that, the segment-based classification with a scale factor of 50% provided the most accurate classification (overall accuracy:76% and ${\hat{k}}$ value:0.74) compared to the other scale factors and pixel-based classification.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 2011

The demand for Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) seeds has increased in Korea but their supply has been limited due to sporadic natural seed production. To enhance seed production, stem girdling was applied to 42-yearold Japanese larches, resulting in remarkable enhancement of strobilus production in terms of the rate of strobilusbearing tree and the number of strobilus per tree. Metabolic alterations in the girdled and the control trees were interrogated through GC/MS analysis. In the girdled tree, the contents of 14 individual metabolites including polar and non-polar compounds were significantly increased compared to the control. In the cambium and phloem tissues of girdled trees, the contents of pimaric acid, phosphoric acid, sucrose, and two different unknown compounds were enhanced, while the levels of malic acid, inositol, two different disaccharide, 11-trans-Octadecenoic acid and 4 different unknown compounds were decreased compared to the control. The girdled trees showed to be contained significantly higher amount of total nitrogen in the cambium and phloem tissues than that of control trees. Although the role of individual metabolites on enhanced strobilus production remains unclear, the approach presented in this study might provide useful information in elucidating metabolic network modulation induced by girdling and will be further applied for enhanced strobilus production in Japanese larch trees.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.204-214
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• 2023

This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the potential impact of deforestation and forest restoration on carbon storage in North Korea until 2050, employing rigorous analyses of trends of land use change in the past periods and projecting future land use change scenarios. We utilized the CA-Markov model, which can reflect spatial trends in land use changes, and verified the impact of forest restoration strategies on carbon storage by creating land use change scenarios (reforestation and non-reforestation). We employed two distinct periods of land use maps (2000 to 2010 and 2010 to 2020). To verify the overall terrestrial carbon storage in North Korea, our evaluation included estimations of carbon storage for various elements such as above-ground, below-ground, soil, and debris (including litters) for settlement, forest, cultivated, grass, and bare areas. Our results demonstrated that effective forest restoration strategies in North Korea have the potential to increase carbon storage by 4.4% by the year 2050, relative to the carbon storage observed in 2020. In contrast, if deforestation continues without forest restoration efforts, we predict a concerning decrease in carbon storage by 11.5% by the year 2050, compared to the levels in 2020. Our findings underscore the significance of prioritizing and continuing forest restoration efforts to effectively increase carbon storage in North Korea. Furthermore, the implications presented in this study are expected to be used in the formulation and implementation of long-term forest restoration strategies in North Korea, while fostering international cooperation towards this common environmental goal.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.13 no.3 s.34
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• pp.195-209
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• 2005

Forest road has been an essential infrastructure for various forestry practices as well as for recreational use, disaster management, and local economics promotion. Since 1980s, extensive network of forest roads has been constructed as an national project in Korea. However, due to the minimal-budget of the project, accurate maps of forest road are not usually available. Although forest road map is a main thematic layer for the forest Geographic Information System (FGIS), its locational accuracy has not been sufficient for the practical applications and, therefore, the update of digital forest road maps is urgent. The objectives of this study is to compare ae methodology of generating and updating digital forest road maps from the aspects of the map accuracy and the efficiency of methods. Four mapping methods (GPS surveying, satellite imagery, ortho aerial photograph, and digital photogrammetry) were applied to generate the forest road maps over the study area of Mt. Oseo in Chungchungnam-do, which has a 35km forest roads distributed in national, public and private forests. The forest road Imp produced by digital photogrammetric method is the most accurate and comparable to GPS surveying although it required the greatest amount of labor time.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.113 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2024

Pine forests are continuously declining due to competition with broadleaf trees, such as oaks, as a consequence of changes in the natural dynamics of forest ecosystem. This natural decline creates a risk of losing the various benefits pine trees have provided to people in the past. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare future forest management directions by considering the state of pine tree decline in each region. The goal of this study is to understand the characteristics of pine forest changes according to forest dynamics and to predict future regional changes. For this purpose, we evaluated the trend of change in pine forests and extracted various variables(topography, forest stand type, disturbance, and climate) that affect the change, using time-series National Forest Inventory (NFI) data. Also, using selected key variables, a model was developed to predict future changes in pine forests. As a results, it showed that the importance of pine trees in forests across the country has decreased overall over the past 10 years. Also, 75% of the sample points representing pine trees remained unchanged, while the remaining 25% had changed to mixed forests. It was found that these changes mainly occurred in areas with good moisture conditions or disturbance factors inside and outside the forest. In the next 10 years, approximately 14.2% of current pine forests was predicted to convert to mixed forests due to changes in natural forest dynamics. Regionally, the rate of pine forest change was highest in Jeju(42.8%) and Gyeonggi(26.9%) and lowest in Gyeongbuk(8.8%) and Gangwon(13.8%). It was predicted that pine forests would be at a high risk of decline in western areas of the Korean Peninsula, including Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, and Jeonnam. This results can be used to make a management plan for pine forests throughout the country.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.111-134
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• 2021

Recently, the preparation and submission of DMP is gradually becoming compulsory, centering on domestic government-funded research institutes. However, as DMP preparation is described in written or free text, there is a problem that research data management cannot be properly explained due to non-standardization and insufficient preparation in terms of standards, formats, and management. Therefore, in this study, a case study was conducted on a machine-readable DMP that can be automatically generated and maintained by a machine, and a method for applying maDMP was proposed. Examples of maDMP investigated included RDCS, Argos, Haplo Repository, and DMap. In addition, the use of permanent identifiers, application of controlled vocabulary, and application of semantic technologies such as ontology can be mentioned as possible ways to apply maDMP.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.133-171
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• 2023

This study was conducted to prepare basic data by analyzing the biological values and environmental factors of algific talus slope in order to respond to climate change due to the greenhouse effect, and to establish plans for forest biodiversity preserving and managing. Meteorological information was measured and the flora of vascular plants were investigated for six algific talus slope by seasonally from 2020 to 2021. As a result of the investigation, the temperature of all 6 algific talus slope was lower than that of the area where the algific talus slope was located in summer, and flora was 101 families, 350 genera, 621 species, 18 subspecies, 57 variants, 7 varieties, 703 taxa. In sum, it is judged that the algific talus slope has sufficient reasons and value to be preserved because it has excellent micrometeorological value from the cold wind blowing in summer and phytogeographical value in which various plants live in a small area. However, in spite of such an important area, the management of algific talus slope is insufficient, and the algific talus slope is damaged or the ecosystem of the algific talus slope is disturbed. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a systematic conservation and management plan by designating algific talus slope as a forest genetic resource reserve and OECM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.3
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• pp.280-289
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• 2023

Diverse native tree species are distributed in Korean forests; however, information on their regeneration strategies is limited. This study analyzed seed rain from 2011 to 2013, seedling emergence, seedling survival, lifespan distribution, and the relationship between seedling mortality and herbaceous vegetation for 3 years, from 2012 to 2014, to understand the natural regeneration and early survival characteristics of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance in natural broad-leaved forests. Seed rain and emerged seedling density significantly differed among the years (p < .05). An increase in seed rain was followed by an increase in seedling emergence in the following year. Seed rain in 2013 and seedling emergence in 2014 showed a significant correlation (p < .05), confirming the trait of F. rhynchophylla seeds that germinate in the following year after seed production. Seedlings emerged in late spring and early summer. Of the seedlings, 78% emerged in the early summer of 2014. Most seedlings died immediately after emergence. Of the seedlings that emerged in August 2012, 56% died within 2 months, and 38% of those that emerged in July 2014 died within 1 month. Shade and competition against ground vegetation chiefly affected the seedling survival of F. rhynchophylla. Fraxinus rhynchophylla showed mast seeding, with a large number of seed production in a particular year. A surge of seedling emergence followed in the early summer of the next year. However, most seedlings died in the same year of emergence. Fraxinus rhynchophylla has a high seedling mortality, but mast seeding and the resulting high seedling emergence produce a few survived seedlings, enabling the continuation of the F. rhynchophylla population. Efforts and research on the natural regeneration of native tree species are required to effectively manage natural forests in Korea.