• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.443-452
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the site and growth characteristics of Mackia amurensis stand in natural forest of Mt. Joongwang, Pyongchang-Gun, Gangwon-Do, Korea. The 28 sample plots ($30m{\times}30m$) were established to examine the vegetation and site characteristics for M. amurensis stand. Stem analysis was performed on two sample trees for each of the 5 plots situated at intervals of 100 m by altitude. M. amurensis trees were mainly distributed at the ridge and the slope facing north, with altitudes ranging from 790 to 1,170 m. The M. amurensis grew at relatively deep A-layer of soil with high moisture but infertile. Dominant species with M. amurensis were Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Acer pseudo-sieboldianum, A. pictum subsp. mono, Ulmus davidiana var., japonica, Tilia amurensis, and Populus davidiana. TWINSPAN classified four communities in Mt. Joongwang area; M. amurensis-P. davidiana community (xeric type), M. amurensis-U. davidiana var. japonica community (xeric type), M. amurensis-T. amurensis community (moist type), and M. amurensis-Styrax obassia community (moist type). According to the community type, trees per ha were more abundant in the area of the moist types than the xeric types. Height growth of M. amurensis increased with increasing ages until 10 years, and then decreased thereafter, especially at altitude of 1,020m. M. amurensis showed rapid early growth of height and volume, indicating possible high biomass production under enough light. Growth of M. amurensis increased greatly at about 40 years if released from severe competitions. The rotation age of natural M. amurensis stand was expected for above 50 years.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 1982

산지개간(山地開墾)에 의한 인공초지(人工草地) 조성(造成)은 급경사지(急傾斜地)이고 복잡(複雜)한 지형(地形)의 한국(韓國) 산악지(山岳地) 조건(條件)과 계절간(季節間)에 기후차(氣候差)가 심한 한국(韓國)의 기후상태(氣候狀態)로 보아 많은 문제점(問題點)이 있을 것이고, 이와 같은 지형(地形)과 기후조건(氣候條件)들 때문에 토지이용시(土地利用時) 신중(愼重)한 배려(配慮)가 요구(要求)된다. 산지황폐(山地荒廢)와 홍수피해(洪水被害) 등(等)이 국토관리상(國土管理上) 큰 문제점(問題點)으로 되어 왔고 금후(今後)에도 이 문제(問題) 해결(解決)은 토지경영(土地經營)에 있어 커다란 과제(課題)로 남아 있다. 또한 식량증산(食糧增産)을 위한 토지(土地)의 경제적(經濟的) 이용(利用)도 큰 과제(課題)의 하나임에는 틀림 없다. 이와 같이 토지이용상(土地利用上)에 서로 상충(相衝)되는 이들 과제(課題)를 해결하기 위하여 인공토지(人工土地) 조성(造成) 대책(對策)을 검토(檢討)한 바 임축인(林畜人)들이 상호(相互) 협동(協同)하여 이 과제(課題)의 기술(技術)을 개발(開發)시켜야 될 것으로 판단(判斷)이 된다. 국토보존(國土保存) 문제(問題)를 해결하고 동시에 인공초지(人工草地)의 문제점인 하고현상 식피밀도(植被密度)와 연년생장(年年生長)의 감소현상을 해결하기 위하여 상호보완적(相互補完的)인 생태적(生態的)인 방법(方法)이 도입(導入)되어야 할 것 같다. 이를 위해 삼림(森林)이 갖고 있는 토양침식방지(土壤浸蝕防止), 토양수분보지기능(土壤水分保持機能), 온도변화기능(温度變化機能), 공중온도(空中温度) 보지기능(保持機能), 방풍기능(防風機能)과 풍치기능(風致機能)을 잘 활용(活用)하여 국토(國土)를 보존(保存)시키고 동시(同時)에 초지생산성(草地生産性)도 높이는 방안(方案)이 인공초지조성(人工草地造成)에 있어 기대될 수 있는 방법(方法)으로 사료(思料)된다. 이의 대책(對策)의 일환으로 유실수(有實樹)와 초(草)와의 혼농림조성(混農林造成), 임간초지(林間草地)와 방목(放牧), 활엽수림하(闊葉樹林下)의 혼림초지(混林草地) 경사지(傾斜地)에 있어 대상식(帶狀式)과 세포식(細胞式)의 방풍(方風) 및 황폐방비림(荒廢防備林)에 의한 초지조성(草地造成) 또한 산능선부와 계곡부의 삼림(森林)을 보존(保存)시키는 초지조성법(草地造成法)을 제시(提示)하였다. 수광량(受光量)이 문제(問題)가 될 경우에는 간벌(間伐)과 가지치기 들(等)으로 조절할 수 있게 되고 예취작업(刈取作業)의 기계화상(機械化上)의 문제(問題)는 상하(上下) 수대(樹大)의 배열(配列) 또는 배식방법(配植方法)에 의해 조절할 수 있으므로 혼림초지조성(混林草地造成)이 초지생산성(草地生産性)에 하등의 영향을 주지 않을 것으로 사료(思料)되며 오히려 초생산량(草生産量)을 증대(增大)시키는 방법(方法)이 될 것이다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.333-342
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• 1995

A user - oriented computer model to aid designing forest road is developed to release the burden by increasing efficiency of time - consuming and laborious road design works. In this paper, the structures and functions of the model are discussed. The model consists of functional modules : 1)input module to treat survey data and design criteria ; 2)road design module to generate preliminary road layout, horizontal and vertical curvatures and curve widening ; 3)earthwork analysis module to determine the economic mass movement ; 4)report writer module to produce hard copies of engineering drawings for plan views, cross - sections and profiles, earthwork calculation sheets and mass movement diagrams. In addition, the report writer also provides the information on earthwork disturbance along the cut and - fill slopes. The modules are designed to be fully - integrated to enable the users to perform engineering analyses and evaluate design alternatives in a series of road - design procedures.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1995

This study investigates the collective aspects of hunting motivation and hunters' attitude toward natural environment. Data were collected from three different types of respondents : 148 hunters who purchased hunting license between November 1992 and March 1993 in Cholla Province. 120 university students and 260 Suwon residents. The 26 items out of 90 items were selected to develop an attitude scale toward natural environment. Results of ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences among five groups(hunters, urban residents and students from 3 major fields) in terms of their attitude values. Hunters' attitude value toward natural environment was the highest among five different types of respondents. Two major motives for hunting participation are 'exercise' and 'like out-of-doors'. Factor analysis presents eight motivational dimensions underlying hunter's involvement in the activities: 1)stewardship, 2)social contact, 3)show-off, 4)sportsmanship, 5)like to kill, 6)recreation/relax, 7)economic gain, and 8)being alone. The correlation between the motivational factor of 'economic gain' and the attitudinal item of 'relationship between man and nature' was negative(r=-0.28). There is a positive correlation(r=0.24) between the motivation of 'being alone' and the attitude of 'needs for natural environment'. These relationships indicate that individual's attitude value decreases when one perceives nature as economic goods, while it increases when one visits nature to relieve stress and to develop self-esteem.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.3
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• pp.274-284
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• 2008

For forest valuation, various input data were generally required: for example, slope, timber stocks, logging costs, hauling costs, market values of timber, afforestation costs, thinning costs, and so on. To enhance the efficiency of forest valuation process, it would be helpful to guide how and where to acquire such data sets. Moreover, to make an appraisal of timber assets through the Forestry Household Economy Survey, it would be inevitable to use standardized input data by region or tree species. Therefore, this research intended to develop a methodology of standardizing each input data, and to present its available data sources. Also, a guidance was presented to explain how to control input data within the appraisal process. Then, the appraisal process were analyzed and summarized in four types of information such as system flowchart, process flowcharts, detail flowcharts, and skimmer data, which are essential elements in developing an appraisal software, named EnVAST (Engine of Valuation System for Timber Assets). The software was designed to generate 'the standard forest valuation table' by species and province as the final output that is applicable for the forest valuation through the Forestry Household Economy Survey in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.133-147
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• 1994

Wastepaper recycling has significant implications not only in providing scarce raw material input for the paper industry but in environmental concerns such as reducing solid waste disposal, energy conservation and preservation of forest resources. The objectives of this study was (1) to develop an econometric model of demand for and supply of wastepaper, (2) to forecast wastepaper consumption and price to the year 2000 applying the econometric models estimated and (3) to estimate the elasticity of variables which are included in the wastepaper supply and demand equations. In this study wastepaper was classified into three groups, old newsprint, old corrugated and mixed For each group such as demand and supply equation were estimated. The demand equations were estimated as a function of paper and paper product consumption and wholesale price index and supply equations as a function of wastepaper price, one year lagged paper and paperproduct consumption and transportation price. Applying the econometric models to forcasting results in the future consumption and supply of wastepaper projected as 11.645 million MT and 7.396 million MT in 2000, respectively. The rate of wastepaper self-supply is forcasted about 63.5% in 2000. Especially, the rate of old neswprint self-supply is predicted about 16% which means about 2.2 million MT of old newsprint should be imported from foreign countries. Lastly, some policy measures to promote wastepaper recycling rate based upon economic and physical characteristics of wastepaper and market structure are suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.450-459
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• 1994

The damage by the black-tipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura, has been increasing at several locations in central part of the Korean peninsula. This study was undertaken at selected plots in Kapyung-gun, Kyunggi Province and Hongchon-gun, Kangwon Province from 1984 to 1987. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for integrated control of this pest and to determine the economic threshold by investigating the pest host interactions with special reference to damage analysis. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The damage was more severe at upper part than at lower part of the crown. The vertical distribution of dry weight of damaged trees above ground showed L-type distribution, whereas that of healthy trees showed C-type distribution. 2. The needle loss by sawfly reduced both of height and the diameter growth of the main stem. The growth reduction occurs when the needle loss is 50% or higher. About 10% of tree growth was reduced at 50% of needle loss. 3. The reduction of diameter growth was more severe at upper part than at lower part of the main stem. 4. Volume growth was reduced when more than 50% of the needles were damaged after three years of the sawfly infestation. Reductions of total volume increment at the levels 70% and 90% of needle damage were 9% and 20%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.406-419
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• 1993

In spite of the economical and sivicultural importance, tending methods of natural broad leaf tree have not been established in Korea. In the present study, the structure of crown and biomass of Quercus variabilis were analyzed to obtain the basic information on pruning practice. There was not correlated between clear length of sample tree and tree height and D.B.H. The stratum with the largest leaf and branch weight was lower part of the stratum with the largest branch increment. The degree of contribution of branch to knotless trunk production (${\Delta}{\omega}_B(Z)/{\omega}_B(Z)$ and ${\omega}_L(Z)/{\omega}_B(Z)$) decreased from the upper part to the lower part. As an example of the application of the ecological data to pruning practice, the author attempted to estimate the effect of pruning with this experimental stand. Two methods of pruning were investigated. One is the removal of branches according to a definite external indication such as clear length rate of branch, and the other is the removal of barnches according to a definite height.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.4
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• pp.498-504
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• 1994

The damage by the black-tipped sawfly, Acantholyda posticalis posticalis Matsumura, has been incheasing at several locations in central part of the Korean peninsula. This study was undertaken at selected plots in locality of Kapyung-gun. Kyunggi Province from 1984 through 1987. The purpose of this study was to provide basic information for integrated control of this pest and to determine the economic threshold by investigating the pest-host interactions with special reference to damage analysis. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. One year old cone formation began to be reduced when 30-40% of the needles were destroyed. With 70% of defoliation, few cones were produced. 2. Number of two year old cone formation and amount of cones began to be reduced when 61-70% of the needles were destroyed ; economic threshold of the defoliation rate retarding the seed production was 51%. 3. Growth of the trees was significantly reduced when more than 50% of the needles were destroyed, and cone production began to be retarded at 30-40% of defoliation. Therefore, it was determined that the economic thresholds requiring the control practices to keep normal tree growth and cone production from being reduced were 50% and 30%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.1 s.158
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• pp.21-25
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• 2005

In order to prevent the pine mushrooms, Tricholoma matsutake, from being damaged by the pine needle gall midges, Thecodiplosis japonensis, and thereby, to increase their production and improve their quality, a sprinkler system was installed on the mushroom field. A low-concentration insecticide (deltamethrin 1% EC, x2,000) was sprayed once at insects' most active time every day during the period of insects' adult occurrence and thereafter, the irrigation by ground water spraying was periodically enforced. Such a test was conducted at Yangyang-Gun, Kwangwon-do, Korea for 2 years from 2000 through 2001. The pine needle gall midges generally emerged for about 40 days from late May to early July. 50% emergence of them was about June 6, and peak emergence (more than 80%) was early or mid-June. Gall formation rate was 3.5% on average with this ground insecticide spraying, while 51.3% when not treated. Control effectiveness of this insecticide spraying was 92.3%, which was higher than 82.5% by the conventional injection of insecticide into tree stems. Pine mushrooms emerged for about 35 days from mid-September through earlier October, and around 80% of them did for about 15 days from late September through early October. As a result of the periodic ground water-spraying (30 mm per week) for 2 months (from August to October), the production of mushrooms increased by 74.3% (110% in terms of weight), with their quality improvement. The mushrooms produced from the treated stand by the spraying system were priced 8,670,000 wons per hectare, and thus, the net income deducting the facility and management cost was 4,310,000 wons, about 5% higher than value from the control stand. It was analyzed that this treatment was significantly cost effective when the facilities are used more than 5 years.