• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.29-60
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• 2016

Research and Development(R&D) investment is an issue of central importance in any economy. In this paper we analyze the relationship between R&D spillovers and trade-related variables, using a two-stage model where duopolists simultaneously decide on R&D in the first stage and engage in Cournot competition in the second stage. We characterized and compared the free-trade and trade-restriction R&D equilibrium in a two-stage game of R&D investment followed by Cournot market competition. We also assessed the impact of varying the R&D spillover on the equilibrium outcomes and tariff. We showed for both free trade and protection cases that there exists a unique symmetric solution(subgame perfect Nash equilibrium). As the solution, while analytical, cannot be stated in closed form, we resorted to numerical experiments to investigate the equilibrium results. Our estimates indicate for both free trade and protection cases that the level of R&D investment and the rate of R&D expenditure decrease as the degree of R&D spillovers increases, and that there is an inverse relation between the degree of R&D spillovers and level of protection. The latter implies that the larger the degree of R&D spillovers, the lesser the level of protection.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.107-130
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• 2023

This study examines the economic effects of a developed country's minimum quality standards (MQS) and mutual recognition agreements (MRAs) between countries. Based on the results of such analysis, it also considers the optimal MRA strategy for South Korea. For this purpose, the paper constructs a simple three-country model in which the representative firms in each country supply differentiated goods to the developed country market. The analysis results are as follows: First, the rise in the MQS of a developed country intensifies the competition level, reduces the profits of all firms, and raises the developed country's consumer surplus. In addition, if one of the firms exits the market due to the MQS, competition is relaxed, and the profits of the remaining firms increase. Second, countries subject to MQS can improve their social welfare through the MRAs; thus, it is essential to utilize them strategically. In the case of South Korea, the optimal situation is to have an MRA with the developed country or for all three countries not to have any MRA.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.95-123
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• 1990

Advertising, while providing a linkage between sales and consumption, helps promote rational consumption patterns by expanding the scope of information for consumers facing an ever-increasing array of consumption decisions. In so doing, advertising promotes competition among suppliers and sellers, thereby improving market transparency. Intrinsically, advertising can influence the instantaneous decisions made by consumers, and because of this peculiar feature of advertising, ensuring fair advertising practices is a policy issue of great importance. Concurrently, discerning whether the amount of advertising, which is determined by the profit motive of advertisers, is socially appropriate or whether this amount constitutes a waste of scarce resources is a necessary and indispensable consideration in establishing a public policy to respond to the mounting deluge of advertising. Although the Fair Trade Act and numerous other related laws are being enforced with regard to advertising, it may be difficult to say that a unified, practicable and logical basis for regulating the variegated and complex forms of advertising has been established. This paper examines the various theoretical arguments on the welfare effects of advertising as a rationale to justify regulation from the viewpoint of economics. In this manner, this paper helps define the essential nature of advertising and seeks to present a rational approach toward the regulation of advertising.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.827-858
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• 2011

In Korea, various environmentally harmful subsidies are granted in agriculture, fishery, energy, electricity, transportation, steel and shipbuilding industry. Examples include tax-exempt fuel for agriculture & fishery, VAT- exemption for briquette & anthracite, temporary subsidy for fuel, production stabilizing subsidy for coal mining, subsidy for briquette. Korea's yearly total subsidy in energy area is about 5,291 billion won, among them is 4,870 billion won. To reduce air pollutants and to mitigate climate change, Korea has to review the phase-out of environmentally harmful subsidies and the phase-in of environment-friendly subsidy. The reduction or removal of environmentally harmful subsidies will enhance economic efficiency and bring about environmental benefits. Economic efficiency means less use of inputs, which reduces environmental cost and improves social benefits. This paper applies the Shoven and Whalley's model to the Korean economy and analyzes the general equilibrium incidence effects of reforming environmentally harmful subsidies in the energy and electricity in Korea. We consider several counterfactual scenarios in which current environmentally harmful subsidies are reduced or abolished, compare them with the reference case in the economy, and evaluated the change in efficiency costs and distributional incidence of tax reforms related to subsidies.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.85-102
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• 2011

The world is focusing on e-books as the e-book market is growing rapidly as a fused industry at the crossroads of information technology and digital content. Many countries are actively participating in this new market and leveraging on its potential and growth, while Korea's market is still in its preliminary stage. There is a good reason to be concerned over the fact that access to digitalized materials that are the most relevant to the current time are not readily available. Therefore, the strategy in collecting and utilizing content must be newly refurbished. In order to do this, the legal issues and policies related to digital libraries must be considered. The most relevant examples from abroad are Google Book Search and the EU's Europeana project. Then, what are the necessary measures for Korea to materialize its own digital library? Digital libraries can significantly influence social welfare and bring forth economic effects. Social preparation surrounding this subject should continue to increase because digital libraries will change the manner in which people share and use information. Therefore, this paper aims to examine the legal and economic problems and issues related to the establishment of digital libraries as well as to provide policy recommendations.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.149-175
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the character of Islamic fundamentalism and Middle-Ease Terrorism. The aim of Islamic fundamentalism is reconstruction of Ummah(Muslim Unity), thee early society of Muhammad's age. Islamic movement insist to restore the spirit of Islam and purify the society of Islam from the United State and Western world. Now, Islamic fundamentalism movement as a new ideology, appeals to muslim in the world. The concept of modern national state from the Western countries do not accord with the traditional Islamic principles of reign and a spirit of nationalism. On the other hand, Islamic movement have no legitimacy in the system of modern state which govern the Arab world, regardless of the form of government. For this reasons, Islamic fundamentalist have an insecure position and their political activities. It is yet far from their purpose, to reconstruct the muslim unity, to realize the Islamic political principle close to their practical methods. Yet Islamic fundamental movement have not overcome the system of secular state. The Middle East terrorism supported by government might be eradicated by America's anti-terrorism policy. However, it will be serious and spread all over the world that the terrorist attack against the U. S. and western countries is acted by militant warriors of Islamic fundamentalism, uniting Arab and Islamic people's emotions against America and western countries. There are some reasons that we need to focus on the Arab and Islamic fundamentalism. We need to get out of misunderstanding and discrimination about Islamic religion and culture from America's and Western' standard Which are only their new world order. The discrimination of America and western nations against muslim could make other ideologies, opposite to the world peace. There are a lot of foreign workers from Islam countries in Korea. We need to give consideration and attention to them for the our globalization and world peace. It is time to consider what to do for the nation's profit(economical, political, strategic)with right understanding. We are not safe and free from the terrorism yet.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.12
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• pp.225-243
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• 2006

This study is focused on the relation in the motive and the evaluation for the job in a special private security field. The supplement of the outstanding human resources is one of most important matter to improve the private security industry. For it the applicant's motive and evaluation of whose quality should be screened to recruit proper and oustanding human resources into the industry. For the study the follow elements would be considered. First, What is the real motive to apply the job and how prospect on the job the applicant will be taken. Second, what is different point of view to the job between male and female. Third, what relationship is in achieving the job performance between the temporary motive and the planed motive. Forth, what effects are on the job satisfaction and the planed motive for the job. With the above elements the survey was taken based on each sex for the study and the results are out as below. a) Male is in higher than female in taking with unplaned job motive and for job satisfaction is much higher in 1-20 age range. b) In general, the expectation on the job is much higher than the current job status, the male are in the expextation on the job and the female are in the the current job status. c) The job satisfaction is on positive effect to the planed taken job but the unplaned taken job is on negative. From the Research the most concerning element on the recruiting new employee is applicant's positive attitude on the job he/she will be taken.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.113-126
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• 1990

With the introduction of the national pension, efficient integration of Korea's four public pension schemes has been discussed. The main point of such discussions is whether to have a progressive scheme or an income-proportional one. Under the assumption of a perfect labor market, it has been proved in the income tax literature that the regressive tax scheme with the 0 % tax rate to the most able person (person earning highest income) is pareto efficient, if there is an incentive problem in the labor supply. In this paper, a life-cycle model with a linear benefit schedule, when there is uncertainty about future earning ability, is studied. It is proved that the second best pension scheme is that having a progressive benefit schedule. This result implies that integration into a progressive pension scheme, like the current national pension, is required not only for efficiency but also for equity.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.23 no.3 s.126
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• pp.7-21
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• 1984

한국간호 I. 간호행정제도 및 법규의 변천 1. 간호행정기구 한국의 의료행정은 현대의학의 도입과 더불어 1894년 6월 내부에 위생국을 둔다는 규정이 발표됨으로서 시작되었고 1901년 관제개편에 따라 위생국에 보건과와 의무과가 설치되었다. 그 후 1945년 12월 보건후생부 간호사업국내에 보건간호과 기관간호과 조산 간호과가 설치되었고 각 도에는 간호 사업계가 설치되었다. 1948년부터는 보건사회부 의정국내의 조산간호과가 간호 사업과로 개편되었다. 그후 1970년 간호사업과가 간호사업담당관제로 개편되었으며 1981년부터는 간호사업담당관제도 폐지되어 보건국의 가족보건과나 의정국 지역의료과에서 한 명의 간호원이 참여하는 정도로 간호행정기구가 점차 축소되었다. 2. 간호법규 1)면허 1962년 개정된 의료법에 의하여 간호원의 면허는 문교부장관이 인가한 간호교육기관 졸업자중 간호원 국가시험 합격자로 규정하였다. 조산원의 경우는 1914년 처음으로 조산원 면허등록을 시작하였으며 현재는 간호원 면허를 받은 자로서 보건사회부장관이 지정하는 교육병원에서 1년의 정규 교육과정을 필한자로 그 자격을 명시하고 있다. 2) 자격시험 자격시험은 1916년부터 실시되었으며 1920년 이후는 각 도에서 관할 실시하였다. 그 후 1962년부터는 보건사회부장관의 주도하에 국가시험을 시행하였으며 현재는 국립 보건원에서 간호원을 포함한 의료업자의 국가 시험을 주관하고 있다. 3)간호수가 간호원 조산원에 관한 간호수가 관계 규칙은 1911년에 발표된 것으로 간호원의 경우 출장 시에 출장비와 간호료를 환자가 지불하도록 하는 것이었다. 1925년 5월까지는 각 지역별로 간호수가에 차이가 있었으나 동년 6월부터 수가규정이 전국적으로 통일되었다. 그 후 1953년부터는 국공립병원 간호원들에게도 다른 일반 공직자와 같이 직급을 보함으로서 간호직에 대한 보수가 통일되었으며 1971년부터는 간호직 수당이 제정되었다. II. 간호사업의 분야별 발전 1. 임상간호제도의 발전 1)초기의 임상간호 한국에 서양의학을 기초로 설립된 최초의 병원은 1885년 의사 Allen에 의한 왕립병원이다. 그 후 정부에 의하여 1894년 군부병원이 설립되었고, 1899년 내부병원이 1904년에 적십자 병원이 설립되었다. 당시에 이루어진 현대간호는 일본인 간호원들에 의해 전해진 일본식 간호와 선교사 간호원들에 의해 전해진 서구식 간호방식이 있었는데 이 두 간호방법은 문화적 배경이나 사회적 인습에 의한 많은 차이점을 볼 수 있었다. 2) 일제하의 임상간호 이 당시에 이루어진 일본식 간호방법을 보면 간호원들의 주업무가 환자를 위한 간호보다도 의사 보조에 더 치중한 것을 볼 수 있다. 한편 선교계 병원에서는 입원환자에 대해서는 간호원들이 전인간호를 실시하였으며 병원당국과 의사들의 협조로 많은 간호사업의 발전을 가져올수 있었다. 3) 광복 이후의 임상간호 6.25 동란 후 한국에는 병원이 계속 늘어나 현재 20Bed 이상의 전국의 병원수가 431개소이고 이중 80Bed 이상의 종합병원이 148개소나 된다. 각 병원의 간호사업은 간호사업과 또는 간호사업부의 행정체제로 운영되고 있으며 최근에는 간호과정(Nursing Process)의 개념을 도입하여 문제중심 간호기록인 POMR(Problem Oriented Medical Record) 방법을 시도하고 있다. 또한 면허간호원은 매년 중앙회에서 실시하는 보수교육을 10시간 이상 받고 있다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2014

Budget for social welfare social welfare with a sharp increase in business is to be expanded in various fields. At this point, do the social welfare policies of local governments and assistance projects supported by the Seoul Metropolitan Government's justification and rationale for concluding that we need clarity, and welfare economics point of this study is related to social welfare spending budget and other areas in Seoul quantitative effects of the economic effects were investigated. Social welfare policy for the achievement of corporate and personal consumption spending behavior is continuously and directly or indirectly derived thereby, and Seoul Industry Input-Output Tables in this study to re-create the social welfare spending as the economic effects of production, value added, employment, work and how do you contribute to the quantitative estimation of suggested. Municipal social welfare spending in Seoul by the annual production of 10.02 trillion won sikimyeo caused, directly or indirectly Article 6 billion in 4936 to spread the value was analyzed. In addition, employment and 203,430.3 132,992.3 people letting people was estimated to generate employment. These results suggest that social welfare spending and social spending in the atmosphere is recognized as a social and financial pressures caused controversy at the present time factor in the welfare sector and the government's social welfare policy in Seoul, intervention and support and assistance of the the validity of the justification debate eventually be supported through empirical analysis depends on whether we believe in, and for this study it as a basis for presenting the fundamental study has its significance. In addition, Korea is not a welfare budget is spent volatile social and economic impact on a variety of industries that derive a significant number were found in this study, continued political support and social consensus through research is needed.