• 지역과문화
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-22
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• 2021

This ethnographic study aimed to understand the emotional labor of traditional performing artists who hide and control their emotions in performances and the components and characteristics of their emotional labor by means of in-depth interviews with traditional performing artists and Giorgi's analysis method. As a result of the analysis, first, the factors that lead to emotional labor of traditional performing artists can be divided into external and internal ones. The external factors arose from expressing various emotions while creating or suppressing their own emotions in an effort to draw out the emotions of the audience. Also, emotional labor occurred depending on the performance place, performance type and audience reaction. The internal factors consisted of the emotional burden experienced due to concerns over mistakes and audience satisfaction as they voluntarily commit themselves to the performance in order to satisfy the audience. Second, complex emotions that remain after the performance sometimes lead to aftereffects of emotional labor. Third, factors of emotional labor that originate from belonging to an organization had an influence, which resulted in their considering job change or resignation. Fourth, emotional labor arises from the specificity of the traditional performing arts field, that is, negative perceptions and unfair internal practices of traditional performing arts. The study showed that traditional performing artists relieve their emotional labor through hobbies and chatting with colleagues, and took the emotional labor as granted, not recognizing that the occupational emotional labor as emotional labor. This study is significant in that it recognized and analyzed traditional performing artists as emotional workers and focused on the emotional labor components of traditional performing artists.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.347-358
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• 2004

In Mongolia which consists of nomadic populations, horse has been loved by nomads and considered most important transportation means. Horses have been used when they were making long journey looking for new plain ground for grazing. Therefore, horse is closely connected with Mongolian nomadic culture. In Korea, too, horses had been considered one of most important means for transportation and military. The symbolism of horse that is represented in both Mongolia and Korea is Heavenly Horse which communicates with the God and it was sanctified as a Sacrificing Horse which was sent to God for sacrifice, and it was even worshiped as Divine Horse, the diety. As is the case of two of Mongolian customs associated with Mongolian language are 'the ceremony of horse's giving birth her young' and 'the ceremony of letting the mare go where it was before', all the cases are related with cattle's milk. The ceremony of 'horse's giving birth her young' is the ceremony where people hope that they would see the young can grow well which were born in early summer thus increasing the numbers of horse. To go with this, they perform a ceremony of Chachal in which they sprinkle the best quality white milk which is the symbol of good luck and hope they would produce plentiful of dairy products. The ceremony of 'letting the mare go where it was before' is also the ceremony where people hope to have many new born young horses thus produce more dairy products and Airag for the next year as milking is no more available for that you. Since the unified Silla Era, Koreans have performed a sacrifice rituals to horse in auspicious day. It's purpose is to see their horses get no disease and bear as many youngs as possible. The Back Ins Je, one of well blown festivals in Jeju Island, was originated from people's wish to prosper in stock farming. It can be said that the custom of Korea and Mongolia related with horse's giving birth was originated from the wishes to god for fertility and fecundity. On top of that, while Mongolians sprinkled horse's milk both on the ground and to the air hoping they would have increased houses and, thus, secure many dairy products, Koreans wish that they would see the increased number of horses and their healthy conditions through heavenly rituals.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.50
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• pp.299-325
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• 2018

Humans have made a third person over a long history and differentiated them from each other. Discrimination of 'us' and 'them' has led Derrida to make works to look upon the human nature towards animal strangers. This study tries to examine upon the expansion of animal strangers by focusing on 'The Animal That Therefore I am.' Furthermore, the research asserts to pay more attention to animal strangers by looking at his works of how modern people think about animals in the current society. Derrida expresses his 'humiliation' that he felt when he faced his cat after a shower. This emotion brings up the topic that was neglected in the conventional wisdom and casts doubts on this. This emotion of humuliation is only felt by humans, and he explains this is one way of feeling like a 'human.' The researcher therefore focuses on the 'experiences of humans' and looks at the ambivalence of humans in culture and the irony in natural animals. This perspective criticizes Speciesism, which considers people other than oneself able to be suffered. This view also tried to escape anthro-pocentrism and looked at the animals on their own. This study examines current animal strangers with theories of Donna Haraway and Jane Goodal, and analyzes Derrida's artworks with Susan Sontag's philosophy. This aims to lead to a conclusion of how to reach an optimal relationship between human and animal. By focusing on Derrida, who has not been highlighted yet in this country, hopes to create effective communication between human and animal by explaining his artworks through new philosophy of animals.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.581-592
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• 2015

This research was fairness in sport and power is how they form and change through historical discussion on the sport's doping and ran afoul of fairness Explored in match-fixing in relationship with power, the product of the problems of human desires. First, doping and exploration of power. The history of doping in sports, history as long as it existed before. Medication is ruler of the players can't or don't conform with authority between the pair formed a relationship, where, in accordance with the victory of a temptation for wealth and fame and vested interests and desire, is personal, Society and country ranging and widely is committed. In particular, power of expression is reflected well reflected in the sport in the Cold War era and, in those days was wrong thinking and practices are still truly understands the connection between doping and anti-doping. Second, match-fixing and exploration of power. Also in the history of sport as doping, match-fixing, always existed. Sport and fairness of match-fixing in relation to artificial sources, and well decide the outcome of which ended with sport, not an issue connected to gambling and other crimes, And that's another sport and bring about a vicious circle of even turn into a row. The reason for this match fixing in power part of the formation of capital and profits for the exact cause has developed that further threatens the fair sport. Thus, in fairness, and relations of power in sport doping and match-fixing is historically very meaningful and, further research and discussion is needed. Buried the materialistic values of sport doping and match-fixing, nothing is being tolerated and other researchers' power as the elements of the pie grow only by sport only No one can guarantee that only satisfied if we hold a bright future of sport.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.42-55
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• 2011

The basic approach of this study was to take the theory of cultural fluctuations to investigate the early modern and modern patterns of the use of ox carts and@ the social and economic appropriateness and cultural significance of ox carts. The study chose a village that was the only place that used ox carts in Bugye-myeon. The findings will help to understand how traditional cultural elements would continue or change according to the natural, geographical, economical, and cultural characteristics of a village. Located in Gaho-2-ri, Bugye-myeon, Gunwi-gun, Gyeongbuk Province, Dongrim Village started to use ox carts during the Japanese rule and replaced the traditional version with an improved one in 1972 when a reservoir was built. Until the 1970s, they used ox carts to carry agricultural products and luggage and to visit the markets in distant Bugye-myeon or Gunwi-eup. In the early 1980s when a cultivator was first introduced into the village, ox carts gradually disappeared in the village and eventually remained as a mere means of transportation. As the younger generations were active in introducing modern means of transportation, a cultivator became the main means of transportation in the village in the 1980s and a truck since the latter half of the 1990s. Despite those changes, however, the elderly in their seventies or older continued to use ox carts. With aged labor and inability to use modern means of transportation, they grew cows and oxen to cultivate the inclined fields and gain easy access to fields distributed in distant locations and continued to ox carts through reform. In Dongrim Village, the heritage of using reformed ox carts is the practice of appropriate technology by the old farmers and a cultural representation of an aged agricultural society. That is, the elderly recognized the appropriateness and practicality of traditional culture and renewed a traditional means of transportation called an ox cart. The phenomenon of the old men and women frequently using ox carts in an agricultural village in the mountain with geographical limitations has settled down as a cultural representation of the elderly in Dongrim Village. The continuing usage of ox carts in Dongrim Village is attributed to the fact that ox carts well suit the natural, geographical, and economic aspects of the village and the cultural inertia of the elderly with the aging of the farmers. Thus it is once again shown that human beings transmit and alter culture according to their overall situations and conditions.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.2
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• pp.131-160
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• 2016

In this study, we analyzed determination of punishment of victimizers presented in sentencing(81 plaintiffs, 95 sentencing) for 55 cases involving child maltreatment fatalities between 2001 and 2015. The results showed that about 40% of main victimizers were imposed relatively minor punishment such as probation or imprisonment for less than 3 years. Judgments that deviated from lower limit comprised large proportion in connection with compliance with standards for statutory punishment and punishment determination. The elements of punishment determination, such as earnest rearing of child, psychological pain arising from death of child, sense of guilt, motivation that can be considered, were found to have a significant influence on mitigation of punishment although such elements could be judged differently, depending on perception or subjective tendency of judges towards child abuse. Even abetters in a position to prevent death of child were imposed minor punishment mostly by probation or monetary penalty. This study presented the need to reconsider the circumstances of punishment determination which has been conventionally mentioned in cases involving child maltreatment fatalities, such as first offender, accidental crime, person with parental rights, fosters, agreement with family of the deceased, etc. Moreover, this study suggested the need to reinforce child abuse prevention training for law enforcement officers and to revamp standards for determining punishment unique to the cases of child abuse in the future.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.113-130
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• 2011

Due to the development of information and communication technology, the global influence on politics, economics, society, and culture has grown. A major example of this impact on the economic sector is the growth of e-commerce, which increases both the speed and efficiency of businesses. In light of these new developments, businesses need to shift away from the misconception that information overwhelms to embrace the enhanced competitiveness that e-commerce provides. However, concern about fraudulent transactions through e-commerce is pertinent because of the loss in both critical revenue and consumer confidence in open markets. Current solutions for fraudulent transactions include real-time monitoring and processing, payment pending, and confirmation through SMS, E-mail, and other wired means. Our research focuses on the management of Fraud Detection Systems (FDS) to safeguard online electronic payment systems. With effective implementation of our research we hope to foster an honorable online trading culture and protect consumers. Future comparative research in domestic and abroad markets would provide further insight into preventing fraudulent transactions.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2008

It is settled in the economic arena that electronic commerce which used the Internet is new recently by explosive increase of the rapid development and Internet use of the information and communication technology. The problem that is legitimate at a point called the business of the form that the electronic transactions to set together if I drift are new of the times is the situation caused a lot. However, the use custom of construction and electronic transactions of the maintenance that is the legislation thief who can do rules of electronic transactions is the fact that it was not able to be still established It may not be just applied to the Internet electronic transactions that an exchange promise between our characters does against unspecified number of the general public person in the property even if I say that the conclusion of the purchase agreement is concluded in Internet electronic transactions by EDI method. That can have the approval of contract in the main legal problem of such an Internet electronic transactions contract. We civil law sorts it by a contract between the talks characters and a contract between the remote area people and all the adopted children are equal and must decide the formation of contract time in a principle of Empfangstheorie because it may be said that the rule of the civil law that it be heated and decides to be able to be available is irrational.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2019

The extant research literature is scant in telling us how organizations actually implement lifelong learning practices and policies. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to describe how lifelong learning is grounded in practice. We do this by introducing a new conceptual framework that was developed on the basis of interviews with a number of leading edge corporations from Canada, the USA, India and Korea. At the heart of our model, and any effective lifelong learning system, is a performance management system. The performance management system allows for an ongoing interaction between managers and employees whereby challenging performance and learning goals are set, and concrete plans are made to achieve them. Those plans involve three types of learning activities. First, employees may be encouraged to engage in formal learning. This could be provided in-house, or the employee may take a leave of absence and return to school. Second, managers may deploy their subordinates to different departments or teams, so that they can take part in new work-based learning opportunities. Finally, employees may be encouraged to learn on their own time. By this we mean learning after organizational hours through firm-sponsored 5 programs, such as e-learning courses. Fueled by the performance management system, we posit that these three learning outlets lead to effective lifelong learning in organizations.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.127-160
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• 2014

The UN COPUOS was established in 1959 as a permanent committee of the UN General Assembly with the aims to promote international cooperation in peaceful uses of outer space, to formulate space-related programmes within the UN, to encourage research and dissemination of information on space, and to study legal problems arising from the outer space activities. Its members have been enlarged from 24 members in 1959 to 76 in 2014. The Legal Subcommittee, which has been established under COPUOS in 1962 to deal with legal problems associated with space activities, through its first three decades of work has set up a framework of international space law: the five treaties and agreements - namely the Outer Space Treaty, Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Moon Agreement - and the five declarations and legal principles. However, some sceptical views on this legal framework has been expressed, concerning the applicability of existing international space law to practical issues and new kinds of emerging space activities. UNISPACE III, which took place in 1999, served as a momentum to revitalize the discussions of the legal issues faced by the international community in outer space activities. The agenda of the Legal Subcommittee is currently structured into three categories: regular items, single issue/items, and items considered under a multi-year workplan. The regular items, which deal with basic legal issues, include definition and delimitation of outer space, status and application of the five UN treaties on outer space, and national legislation relevant to the peaceful exploration and use of outer space. The single issues/items, which are decided upon the preceding year, are discussed only for one year in the plenary unless renewed. They include items related to the use of nuclear power sources in outer space and to the space debris mitigation. The agenda items considered under a multi-year work plan are discussed in working group. Items under this category deal with non-legally binding UN instruments on outer space and international mechanism for cooperation. In recent years, the Subcommittee has made some progress on agenda items related to nuclear power sources, space debris, and international cooperation by means of establishing non-legally binding instruments, or soft law. The Republic of Korea became the member state of COPUOS in 2001, after rotating seats every two years with Cuba and Peru since 1994. Korea's joining of COPUOS seems to be late, in considering that some countries with hardly any space activity, such Chad, Sierra Leone, Kenya, Lebanon, Cameroon, joined COPUOS as early as 1960s and 1970s and contributed to the drafting of the aforementioned treaties, declarations, and legal principles. Given the difficulties to conclude a treaty and un urgency to regulate newly emerging space activities, Legal Subcommittee now focuses its effort on developing soft law such as resolutions and guideline to be adopted by UN General Assembly. In order to have its own practices reflected in the international practices, one of the constituent elements of international customary law, Korea should analyse its technical capability, policy, and law related to outer space activities and participate actively in the formation process of the soft law.