• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.59
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• pp.405-428
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• 2015

Painting theorists in Song dynasty often spoke 'Li' when they talked about paintings. But 'Li' of the song dynasty is not limited to the 'ethics'. First, it includes visible 'natural's truth', such as the differences of 'geography' and 'physics' between the depicted objects. Second, it also includes 'common sense' which was based on both the observation and the thinking. The theorists thought if the 'common sense' was improper in the painting, the whole work was invalid. Thirdly, it also includes 'the reasonable sense in special situation', which requires great imagination ability and elaborative faculty. For example, when playing wind instruments and stringed instruments in the same time at the same concert, the painter should accurately draw the different gestures of musicians according to that the wind instrument is 'sound when the finger lift' and the stringed instrument is 'sound after the finger have left' in that moment. Fourthly, it includes 'art reason', theorists call it as 'ShenLi' or 'MiaoLi'. 'ShenLi' or 'MiaoLi' require the creator to join the spiritual concept besides his observation and thinking. For example, 'banana in snow' is neither observed available nor thought of available, but is the result of spiritual concept of creators for seeking everlasting. And at last, it certainly includes 'the principle of ethics'. Painters often highlighted the ethical relations of the feudal nation and the value of individual gentleman through the allegory story of figure painting and even the sudden composition in the landscape painting. 'Geography', 'physical', and 'common sense' are required the meticulous observation and the rational thinking for the painted object. And 'the reasonable sense in special situation', 'the art reason', 'the principle of ethics' are required enhancing painting style in the painting artistic conception and realm of life based on the nuanced observation, making 'technology' into the 'Tao'. This is the six reasonable increasing requirements for the painting work. Therefore, 'seeking the final reason' is the fundamental spirit of painting theory of Song Dynasty.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.42
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• pp.295-330
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• 2014

This article is to investigate into the philosophical background and the applicability of the humanities programmes effectively to practice them, not to educate the religious doctrines, based on the traditional-cultural resources in the education center affiliated with the religious institution. These humanities programmes can be understood on the lifelong education associated with a person. In the light of common curriculum practising in the existing education center, contents of those programmes are reviewed with classifying the humanities programmes into 3 parts, that is, eastern classical language education, eastern classical education, and eastern traditional prognosticating arts branching off from the eastern philosophy. Eastern classical language education indicates the classical Chinese characters and literatures in the context of our historical tradition. Eastern classical education implies the education which can acquire classical literatures in a modern way, as a accumulation of knowledges having been in charge of a person's lifelong education, and as a entity responsible for making a person to bring to maturity of his character by comprehending the life of human being and the world in pre-modern, Finally, the eastern philosophy is chosen for the reason that have the very interesting contents which can report facts that recover the integral relationship between nature and human being lacking in contemporaries, and instead of rejecting to interpret human being excessively in terms of materialism, is a significant one endowed with the mission which should develop his potentials through the his lifelong. Especially, eastern traditional prognosticating arts are selected that people has considered with them so kindly, and are the knowledges forming the cores of national culture. It may be a very important that attempts to develop the humanities programmes practising in the education center affiliated with the religious institution are not only the demands of the times in our days, but also a new teaching way replacing with old fashioned teachings.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

Traditional landscape is a cultural asset left by Seonhyeon to modern society, and it can not only understand the landscape culture of ancient tradition but also provides / provided a new creative material for modern landscape designs / designed. However, it is well known that Korea and China have a relationship between the development and exchange of landscaping in a global background, the succession of traditional landscape architecture culture in a global background covers many dimensions, including protection, development and innovation, and that "traditional and modern" and "regionally and internationality" should be harmonized with each other. This study uses traditional Korean and Chinese landscaping buildings as research subjects to extract and organize related data through various channels, including basic literature research that understands the history and culture of the two countries. I interpreted the cultural backgrounds of the two countries by dividing them into religious ideas, traditional culture, and natural views, and highlighted the history of development and the relationship between the two countries. Based on this, it analyzed the differences created by traditional landscaping between Korea and China, and also specifically analyzed the "creation of righteous army" and "the law of righteous army." In particular, this study sought to inherit and innovate traditional landscape culture for the internationalization of "One Belt, One Road" based on the characteristics of Korea and China's landscape through a comparative analysis of the construction elements and methods of Yihwawon of the Ming and Qing periods and Gyeongbokgung Palace of the Joseon Dynasty on the theoretical background of landscaping and the significance of landscaping. The direction for the development and exchange with landscaping between the two countries was presented in line with the development trend of Korea-China landscaping in the global environment. In the future, the development of landscaping between the two countries is expected to be key to international cooperation in traditional culture, creative combination of local characteristics, creation of a harmonious landscape architecture environment, and co-prosperity of various cultures.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.60-77
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• 2020

An assumption can be made that, as a start point for the recognition and utilization of cultural heritage, the "choice" of such would reflect the cultural ideology of the ruling power at that time. This has finally been proved by the case of Korea in the 20th century. First, in the late Korean Empire (1901-1910), the prevailing cultural ideology had been inherited from the Joseon Dynasty. The main objects that the Joseon Dynasty tried to protect were royal tombs and archives. During this time, an investigation by the Japanese into Korean historic sites began in earnest. Stung by this, enlightened intellectuals attempted to recognize them as constituting independent cultural heritage, but these attempts failed to be institutionalized. During the 1910-1945 Japanese occupation, the Japanese led investigations to institutionalize Korean cultural heritage, which formed the beginning of the current cultural heritage management system. At that time, the historical investigation, designation, protection, and enhancement activities led by the Japanese Government-General of Korea not only rationalized their colonial occupation of Korea but also illustrated their colonial perspective. Korean nationalists processed the campaign for the love of historical remains on an enlightening level, but they had their limits in that the campaign had been based on the outcome of research planned by the Japanese. During the 1945-2000 period following liberation from Japan, cultural heritage restoration projects took places that were based on nationalist ideology. People intended to consolidate the regime's legitimacy through these projects, and the enactment of the 'Cultural Heritage Charter' in 1997 represented an ideology in itself that stretched beyond a means of promoting nationalist ideology. During the past 20 centuries, cultural heritage content changed depending on the whims of those with political power. Such choices reflected the cultural ideology that the powers at any given time held with regard to cultural heritage. In the background of this cultural heritage choice mechanism, there have been working trade-off relationships formed between terminology and society, as well as the ideological characteristics of collective memories. The ruling party has tried to implant their ideology on their subjects, and we could consider that it wanted to achieve this by being involved in collective memories related to traditional culture, so called-choice, and utilization of cultural heritage.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.72-87
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• 2022

For the sustainable development and conservation of the national land, planned development and efficient environmental conservation must be accompanied. To this end, it is possible to induce development and conservation to harmonize by deriving factors affecting development through analysis of previously developed areas and applying appropriate management measures to areas with high development pressure. In this study, the relationship between the area where the land cover changed from forest to urbanization and various social, geographical, and restrictive factors was implemented in a regression formula through logistic regression analysis, and potential development sites were analyzed for Yongin City. The factor that has the greatest impact on the analysis of potential development area is the restrict factors such as Green Belt and protected areas, and the factor with the least impact is the population density. About 148km²(52%) of Yongin-si's forests were analyzed as potential development area. Among the potential development sites, the area with excellent environmental value as a protected area and 1st grade on the Environment Conservation Value Assessment Map was derived as about 13km². Protected areas with high development potential were riparian buffer zone and special measurement area, and areas with excellent natural scenery and river were preferred as development areas. Protected areas allow certain actions to protect individual property rights. However, there is no clear permit criteria, and the environmental impact of permits is not understood. This is identified as a factor that prevents protected areas from functioning properly. Therefore, it needs to be managed through clear exception permit criteria and environmental impact monitoring.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.27
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• pp.283-317
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• 2016

This research is an attempt to detail the multi-layered ethical characteristics of 'mutual beneficence', shown in the principle of 'guarding against self-deception' in Daesoon Thought while focusing on its major differences as well as the similarities with Kantian and Utilitarian ethical views. In these Western ethical perspectives, the concept of self-deception has received a considerable amount of attention, centering on the context of natural rights and contract theory. Meanwhile, in Daesoon Thought, 'guarding against self-deception' is presented as one of the principal objectives as well as the method or deontological ground for practice. It further encompasses the features of virtue ethics oriented toward the perfection of Dao. Here, the deontological aspect is interlinked with the concept of cultivation and the pursuit of ethics and morals. Hence this makes it a necessary condition for achieving the perfection of Dao, and likewise renders the practice of 'guarding against self-deception' more active through facilitating mutual relations based on the expansion model wherein human nature is characterized as possessing innate goodness. With regard to the tenet of 'resolution of grievances for mutual beneficence,' this concept is presented as a positive ground for practicing virtues toward others without forming grudges. Furthermore, as long as it reveals the great principle of humanity built on conscience, it will come to harmonize practitioners with others and spirits in an expression of beneficence. Moreover, originating in the Dao of Deities, guarding against self-deception is expressed as a form of life ethics and can be suggested as a new alternative for the model of virtue ethics proposed by Nussbaum. All in all, there is a natural causal relationship by which 'guarding against self-deception' in accord one's own conscience and the principle of humanity as a pursuit of perfect virtues in Dao result in the fulfillment of mutual beneficence. This readily akin to how gravity causes water to flow from high ground to low ground. Consequently, these relational features of mutual beneficence can serve an effective alternative to the Western ethical views which also address the need to overcome the egoistic mind which is liable to self-interest and alienation.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-241
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• 2012

The Draft International Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities officially proposed by the European Union on the occasion of the 55th Session of the United Nations Peaceful Uses of the Outer Space last June 2012 in Vienna, Austria is to fill the lacunae of the relevant norms to be applied to the human activities in the outer space and thus has the merit our attention. The missing elements of the norms span from the prohibition of an arms race, safety and security of the space objects including the measures to reduce the space debris to the exchange of information of space activities among space-faring nations. The EU's initiatives, when implemented, cover or will eventually prepare for the forum to deal with such issues of interests of the international community. The EU's initiatives begun at the end of 2008 included the unofficial contacts with major space powers including in particular the USA of which position is believed to have been reflected in the Draft with the aim to have it adopted in 2013. Although the Code is made up of soft law rather than hard law for the subscribing countries, the USA seems to be afraid of the eventuality whereby its strategic advantages in the outer space will be affected by the prohibiting norms, possibly to be pursued by the Code from its current non-binding character, of placing weapons in the outer space. It is with this trepidation that the USA has been opposing to the adoption of the United Nations Assembly Resolutions on the prevention of an arms race in the outer space (PAROS) and in the same context to the setting-up of a working group on the arms race in the outer space in the frame of the Conference on Disarmament. China and Russia who together put forward a draft Treaty on Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) in 2008 would not feel comfortable either because the EU initiatives will steal the lime light. Consequently their reactions are understandably passive towards the Draft Code while the reaction of the USA to the PPWT was a clear cut "No". With the above background, the future of the EU Code is uncertain. Nevertheless, the purpose of the Code to reduce the space debris, to allow exchange of the information on the space activities, and to protect the space objects through safety and security, all to maximize the principle of the peaceful use and exploration of the outer space is the laudable efforts on the part of EU. When the detailed negotiations will be held, some problems including the cost to be incurred by setting up an office for the clerical works could be discussed for both efficient and economic mechanism. For example, the new clerical works envisaged in the Draft Code could be discharged by the current UN OOSA (Office for Outer Space Affairs) with minimal additional resources. The EU's initiatives are another meaningful contribution following one due to it in adopting the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 to the UNFCCC (UN Framework Convention on the Climate Change) and deserve the praise from the thoughtful international community.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of company characteristics and individual characteristics perceived by employees of small businesses on job satisfaction and especially to seek activation of the organization by extending from previous studies to examine the intermediary role of company innovation and applying management measures focusing on the environment of changing global society where CEOs of small businesses cause job satisfaction of organizational members and present the direction for the improvement of management and institutional development. This study was carried out for about 2 months targeting employees of small businesses and the results of empirical analysis are as follows: First, company characteristics and individual characteristics perceived by employees of small businesses turned out to have a positive (+)effect on job satisfaction but the hypothesis that job stress affects job satisfaction was not significant. Second, of the effects of company characteristics and individual characteristics perceived by employees of small businesses on company innovation, organization flexibility and CEO's leadership, company communication and degree of cooperation between departments, individuals, challenge of individuals perceived individual characteristics were found to affect company innovation but the hypothesis that job stress affects it was not significant. Third, company innovation was found to have a positive (+)effect on job satisfaction and fourth, in the intermediary effect verification of company innovation between company characteristics and individual characteristics perceived by employees and job satisfaction, organization flexibility and communication, collaboration turned out to perform partial intermediation and CEO's leadership to perform full intermediation and individual challenge performance to perform full intermediation and the intermediary effect of job stress was not proven. These results are company characteristics and individual characteristics that is the perception of the independent variables in SME employees is not only a direct relationship with job satisfaction, suggesting that also has an indirect effect is mediated depending on the innovation of the company. Therefore, it can be seen that even for the innovation performance of enterprises is important to increase the job satisfaction of employees of SMEs. In particular, the conductivity of the leadership and individual parameters so completely over the innovativeness of the company is the result of job satisfaction itgetda can be said that the innovation efforts of the organization is effective at the same time be pursued.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.765-776
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• 2013

This study was conducted to find out availability of a urban forest (Eudeungsan) as a substitute place of Mudeungsan Provincial Park (MPP) in overuse problem and to identify related factors to place substitutability. During June-August of 2012, 232 samples who have ever visited both of the two places (i.e., MPP and Euduengsan) in Gwang-ju city were selected by using convenient sampling and snowball sampling methods. Self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted, and the valid responses from 225 samples (97.0%) were used for data analysis. 24.2% of respondents had "considerably" or "very much" intention to use the substitute place, and 65.5% of respondents showed "a little" or "somewhat" 10.3% of respondents didn't have any intention to visit Eudeungsan as a substitute place of MPP. Generally, socio-demographic and visiting characteristics were not related with intention to visit Eudeungsan as a substitute place of MPP. It was only found that respondents who largely visit 'alone' to Eudeungsan tended to have higher intention to visit the substitute place than those who visit 'in group.' Three factors of reasons to visit Eudeungsan (i.e.,Challenge/self-development: ${\beta}=0.35$; Accessibility/familiarity: ${\beta}=0.27$; Adventure: ${\beta}=-0.19$) influenced intention to visit the substitute place. Relationship between reasons to visit and intention to visit the substitute place was found. No direct relationship was found between perceived similarity of the places and intention to visit substitute place, and similarity of recreation experiences showed perfect mediating effects between the two variables.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.388-400
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• 2006

The time 18 months after birth is very important for the prevention of early childhood caries because this time is proper to assure the completion of weaning and to perform the diet counseling, and caries process is initiated or actively aggravated under the total influence of feeding pattern from this period. For the purpose of examining the infection status of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus of 18 month old infants and their mothers, and analyzing the correlation between infection status versus various caries-risk factors, this study was performed on the 60 infants of 18 months old and their mothers through the microbiological screening of saliva samples and direct questionnaire to mothers about the caries risk factors. And the results were as follows, 1. The higher the mother's infection level of S. muntans, the higher the infant's infection level and transmission rate. 2. Compared with non-caries group, higher infection level of S. mutans in both infants and mothers and transmission rate were revealed in caries group. 3. The higher the infant's infection level of S. mutans, the higher the caries prevalence and deft values, the less the monthly income of the parents, the longer the period of breast feeding, and the higher the consumption rate of sugared snacks. 4. Most of Lactobacillus infected infants were revealed to be infected also with S. mutans and to have caries. 5. The higher deft value, less parents' monthly income, more frequent daily nursing and more irregular snacking patterns were found among Lactobacillus infected group compared with not-infected group.