• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.12 no.5_spc
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• pp.45-79
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• 2006

The purpose of this paper was to review the results of the subjective well-being(swb) studies performed by Hahn and coworkers in Korean culture. As the correlates of swb, we dealt with demographic/individual difference variables, intrapersonal variables, interpersonal process variables, and Korean cultural variables. We proposed that the components of swb were consisted of quality of life(cognitive swb) and overall happy feelings about one's own life(emotional swb). It was also assumed that a measure of total swb could be calculated by summated mean of cognitive swb and emotional swb measures. The data of the swb studies were analyzed and interpreted according to the above three measures of swb. The results of a nationwide survey(Hahn, 2004) from age of 19 to 75 years ald(n=2,230) showed significant simple correlation coefficients between the following demographic/individual difference variables and swb: Gender difference in swb was found(total swb r=.08, p<.001; life satisfaction r=.10, p<.001; overall emotional swb r=.05, p<.05). Men were happier than women in terms of all three measures of swb. It was also found that women appeared to experience greater positive and negative emotions. Correlation between age and emotional swb(r=.09, p<.001) was significant, but life satisfaction was not significant(r=.04, n.s). Correlations between economic status and swb were also significant(total swb r =.23, p<.001; life satisfaction r=.15 p<.001; overall emotional swb r=.15, p<.001l). Although existence of father was negatively related to emotional swb(r=-.05, p<.05), the existence of mother was not related to any of swb measures. Similarly existence of brothers was related positively to overall emotional swb, but existence of sisters was not. Though existence of son was not related to swb, daughter contributed negatively to swb(total swb -.12, p<.01; life satisfaction -.09, p<.05; emotional swb r=-.12, p<.01). We assumed that family member-in-Iaw also contributed to swb because the extended dose social networks were important in Korean culture. The results showed that the following family member-in-law variables were related to swb: Parents-in-law(total swb r=.11, p<.01; life satisfaction r=.10, p<.01; emotional swb r=.10, p<.01), father-in-law(total swb r=.11, p<.01; life satisfaction r=.11, p<.01; emotional swb r=.06, n.s). The result suggested that especially father-in-law contributed to swb through financial and social support. Correlations between emotional experiences in everyday life and swb were also presented. The range of correlation coefficients between the positive emotion measures and swb were r=.30~.48(p<.001) when the above two measures obtained at same time. But the range decreased to r=.19~32(p<.001) when the swb measure was obtained 9 month later longitudinally. Intercorrelations between positive emotional experience; and life satisfaction were r=.37~58(p<.001) when two measures were obtained at same time. We also examined the effects of the intrapersonal cognitive responses to the most stressful life event upon swb. The results of nationwide survey(n=1,021) showed that self-disclosure(total swb r=.09, p<.010; life satisfaction r=.10, p<.01; emotional swb r=.07, p<.01), rumination(total swb r=-.17, p<.001), thought avoidance(total swb r=.12, p<.001; life satisfaction r=-.08; emotional swb r=-.12, p<.001) and suppression(total swb r=-.13, p<.001; life satisfaction r=-.08, p<.05: emotional swb r=-.13, p<.001) contributed to swb. It was also suggested that mismatch between self-guide and regulatory focus contributed negatively to emotional swb. It was also found that social comparison motives and fulfillment of the motives contributed to swb. The results of a survey research(n=363 college students) revealed that the higher the general social comparison motive, the lower the swb(total swb r=-.15, P<.01: life satisfaction r=-.17. p<.01; emotional swb r=-.10, p<.05). It was also found that satisfaction level of self-evalution motive contributed positively to swb(total swb r=-.14. p<.01: life satisfaction r=-.12, p<.05; emotional swb r=.15, p<.001). Both of self-improvement motive(r=.13, p<.05) and satisfaction level of self-improvement motive(r=.12, p<.05) contributed positively to emotional swb, respectively. The above results suggested that swb was depended upon the interaction effect of social comparison motive; and level of fulfillment of the motives. We also reported the significant multiple predictors of swb in a sample of age from 60years to 89years olds. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the significant multiple predictors of swb were past illness(β=.174, p<.001), economic status(β=.418, p<.001), marital satisfaction(β=.0841, p<.001), satisfaction of offsprins(β=.065, p<.01), expectation level of social support from offsprings(β=-.049, p<.001), and negative emotions(β=-.454. p<.001) among 16 social psychological factors. It was also found that swb was an important multiple predictors of physical health. This finding was replicated in a longitudinal study. Both of positive and negative emotional experiences were significant multiple predictors of physical health one year later. The results of the discriminant analysis showed both of total swb and positive emotional experiences contributed to discriminate the happy and healthy olds from unhappy and unhealthy olds. We paper also examined the effects of the nonnative social behaviors upon swb in Korean culture. The main hypotheses of the study(Hahn, 2006, in press) was that the important nonnative behaviors would influence on swb through both of the mediation processes of adjustment to social relationships and psychological stress. The survey data were collected from 2,129 adults age of 19 to 75, from 7 regional areas in Korea. The results of the study revealed that almost all of correlation coefficients between 15 normative social behaviors and the above three criteria w-ere significant. The fitness test results of the covariance structural equation model showed that all of the fitness indices were satisfactory (GFI=.974, AGFI=.909, NNFI=.922, NFI=.973, CFI=.974. RMR=.049, RMSEA=.073). The results of the analysis revealed that the following five path coeffi6ents from behaviors to social adjustment were significant; behavior tor family and family members(t=5.87, p<.001), courteous behavior(t=4.39, p<.001), faithful behavior (t=2.15. p<.05). collectivistic behavior(t=8.31, p<.001). Seven path coefficients from the normative behaviors to psychological stress were significant; behavior for family and family members (t=-4.63, p<.001), faithful behavior(t=-3.86, p<.001). suppression of emotional expression(t=3.99, p<.001), trustworthy and dependable behavior(t=-2.21, p<.05), collectivistic behavior(t=3.72, p<.001), effortful and diligent behavior(t=2.94, p<.001), husbandry and saving behavior(t=3.40, p<.001). The above results suggested that four normative behaviors among seven behaviors contributed negatively to psychological stress in current Korean society. The results abo confirmed the hypothesized paths from social adjustment (t=10.40, p<.001) to swb and from psychological stress(t=-19.74, p<.001) to swb. The important results of the study were discussed in terms of the Confucian traditions and recent social changes in Korean culture. Finally limitations of this review paper were discussed and the suggestions for the future study were also proposed.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.187-205
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• 2009

Based on the Motivational States Theory(MOST), the present research expanded and complemented Kim(2007)'s proposal to add the Life Satisfaction Expectancy Scale(LSES) to Diener et al's Satisfaction With Life Scale(SWLS) to measure subjective well-being(SWB). In the present study, the Life Satisfaction Motivation Scale(LSMS) was introduced to measure the strength of motivation for life satisfaction in general. Two hundred and eighty six college students participated in this study. Factor analyses revealed a two-factor structure, with the factors corresponding to life satisfaction and life satisfaction expectancy. Measures of internal and temporal reliability show the LSMS to be a good complement for the measure of SWB(The LSMS showed high internal and test-retest reliability). It was found that the addition of the LSES provided a significant increment in predictive power over the SWLS in the prediction of various factors related with well-being prediction. Exceptionally, in the prediction of anger the LSMS had the most predictive power. There were some differences between male and female students in the correlations among life satisfaction, life satisfaction expectancy and life satisfaction motivation and well-being-related factors. The merits of including LSES in the measurement of subjective well-being and the limitations of this study are discussed.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.79-96
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• 2001

This paper introduces a new type of industrial cluster developed at the CBD of Seoul. Conventionally, clusters are said to be consisted of hi-tech, often If activities, manufacturing industries or artisan craft industries with increasing vertical integration and performance usually supported by venture capitals and favorable business infrastructure, not to mention governments', be it central or local, incentive plans. The study area, Cheonggyechon region has long been a traditional CBD frame of Seoul, Korea, being troubled by deterioration, traffic jams, and environmental degradation as most inner cities experience. Recently. this region has transformed to the most dynamic and productive area not by IT industries but by apparel and fashion activities. The study of the developmental trajectory and key characteristics for this kind of industrial cluster can give us insight both for the transition of inner city and for the cluster theory. This Paper firstly briefly Profiles the growth of the Cheonggyechon region over the past decade. It then shows the current spatial and business structure of the new industrial cluster, focusing on the fact that transactions costs are reduced, the creation and flow of information improves. and the local institutions are prone to be most responsive to the new cluster's specialized needs. The third section presents the key components of the customized production-distribution-shopping cluster development process, emphasizing the localized networking. social capital, spontaneous institutionalization of associational economic climate, and cultural economy based on place-specific inertia. The paper concludes with some comments about the prospects and perils of the new industrial cluster of Seoul.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.4648-4659
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• 2011

Korea experienced rapid urbanization due to high growth of economy. As people left the country and gathered in the city, the size of city has been expanded, resulting in unbalanced development of the land. In addition, it appears in diverse aspects from nationwide phenomenon to the local development in each city unit. In particular, it even tends to become social problems in the metropolitan cities. As a solution for it, this study conducts theoretical consideration on sustainability in the aspect of balanced urban development and suggests measures through analysis on Siheung-city. The result is as follows. First of all, comprehensive approach is required based on sustainability. It is required to derive balanced city development by expanding it to the social, cultural and economic aspects. Second, integrated management policy is required for the original city along with new development. It should be considered together with diverse social and physical aspects. Third, approach from the aspect of city planning is required through consideration on flat city expansion and connection with city space structural. Fourth, in order to foster balanced urban development, it is needed to grope for solutions for imbalanced urban development through the participation of diverse groups such as local residents, private enterprisers, and the non-profit civic groups of the local community along with the mediation among persons interested. And continuous support of administrative authorities should be obtained to create such environment.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.2 s.2
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• pp.371-398
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• 2001

Sciences and technologies are the sources which have formed presently highly developed civilizations and cultures and have enhanced the quality of human lives. But we see the dark sides of them as well as the bright sides, and we have the consciousness of environmental crisis and destruction of lives caused by them. Thus were are criticisms against human-tropism or technology-tropism from nature-tropism or deep ecology. However, if people would continue to have the desire of enjoying the present quality of their lives, they should try to develop and improve pro-environmental technologies. In this vein, we have the necessity of making environmental decisions and solving environmental problems by information technologies. Since the second half of the last century, 'environment' is the key word because we have the consciousness of environment strongly. As we solve human problems by making decisions of actions, we must face with environmental decisions in order to solve our environmental problems. If we have the better understanding of the nature of information and the role of information technology, and the relation of information technology and decision-making, we are able to design environmental systems and implement their optimal interfaces of environmental components. For this purpose, we are obliged to combine several useful technologies including GIS, DSS, Knowledge-based system and artificial neural networks. Therefore the developments and cooperations of these fields in environmental decision making enables us to live in the better and comfortable surrounding in the near future.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.421-435
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• 2006

This study considered the history and range of concern to the citizenship education in the British geography education with respect to the appearance of the citizenship subject in National Curriculum. Although British geography education mainly put on emphasis citizenship education focused on national identity through imperialism ideology up to World War II, it has aimed at the local and global citizenship education which put focus on the reflection of students to individual value and value position, and social justice after the 1980s. Not only an inner change of such geography education but the external factor of appearance of citizenship subject has stimulated more concern about citizenship education. After that, British geography education community constructs the logic of theoretical justification and urges teachers' practical research and continuous concern as plan for geography subject to lead citizenship education all the time. On the other hand, recently British political and social cultural geographers observe spaces of the citizenship which makes difference and identity and the radical and critical citizenship which put focus on the local and the global scale from the national. Therefore, citizenship education through geography subject must put more emphasis on not national identity but the local and global identity for social justice and a better world.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.127-156
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• 2014

This thesis is an psychological study investigating the meanings of skin from the perspective of analytical psychology. Skin, as the outermost layer of our body, protects the body and carries out essential physiologic functions. It is an organ of the body and also psychological contents can be expressed on it in various forms. We can find sociocultural connotations of skin, some of which are demonstrated in our language. Skin may become a carrier of persona which defines a person's role in the society. And it can be a place where ego is expressed. Eros is the principle of relationship by Jung's definition and skin is the space where eros is realized intensely. Skin may carry meanings as a symbol of transformation. Skin disease can be interpreted as a message from Self in certain cases. The theme of casting off skin in myths and dreams can be an analogy of an individual's sacrifice for individuation, and putting on a skin may imply taking special properties in psychological level.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.63
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• pp.39-64
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• 2020

COVID-19 is sweeping the world, and it is in crisis in all aspects of politics, economy, culture, and religion. As people experience the beginning and spread of COVID-19, wince and re-spread, the people are living in anxiety and depression. Because of the COVOD-19 crisis, Korean churches were unable to provide on-site worship, and online worship began, and churches that started on-site worship also performed online worship. In the case of church schools, the functions of fellowship and education were paralyzed and many are offering online Sunday service only. Many people eagerly want to go back to what it was before COVID-19, but it seems difficult because COVID-19 has become a global issue and a pandemic situation. We can't wait to get better out of this. In the COVID-19 crisis, the church was unable to properly handle the church's original work and to fully fulfill the mission of education. The response of many churches was to postpone the planned ministry to the second half of 2020. Now, we should try to set a new direction and prepare specifically to move in the new direction. With this perspective, this paper studied the direction of Christian education in the post COVID-19. Specifically, the theoretical basis of the direction of Christian education in the post COVID-19 was found in the theory of Agape's encounter, Catechesis theory, and diakonia theory, and specific directions were suggested according to these theories. Specifically, based on the theory of Agape's encounter, Christian education that emphasizes the encounter with the natural environment, Christian education that emphasizes the encounter among family members, Christian education that emphasizes the encounter among citizens of the world, and Christian education that emphasizes the encounter through online were presented. Based on the Catechesis theory, Christian education copping with the attack of heresy was presented. Finally, based on the diakonia theory, Christian education of service for society and Christian education of service based on data were presented.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.59
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• pp.116-137
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• 2012

What is 'nation' and 'nationalism?' What does 'korean nationalism' mean? And how is korean nationalism represented through a chain of films called 'the korean blockbuster films?' The purpose of this study is to answer to these questions. The characteristics of the korean blockbuster films have been studied for quite a long time and the researchers have agreed with the context about nationalism in a large sense. However, majority of the studies ends up in the journalistic or impressionistic criticism without any theoretical discussion. Few theoretical criticisms also have founded on the formation process of nation of the Western Europe and their nationalism. Hence I would like to add the discourse of korean nationalism and to seize more accurately the social/cultural/historical peculiarity of the korean blockbuster films. In addition, as non-nationalist narratives have recently emerged, korean blockbuster films are entering to the evolution process. On this, the significance of this study seems to exist in providing a cornerstone to the expected evolution theory of the korean blockbuster films by means of complementation and reestablishment of nationalism of their first generation. and , presenting socio-historical peculiarity of the Korean nation, are examined by the close textual analysis.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.135-161
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• 2011

Social commerce is a more recent phenomenon and growing in number and size with the diffusion of social networking services. But it has not been studied as extensively. The purpose of this study is to investigate consumers' social commerce usage intention empirically. Using the theory of reasoned action suggested by Fishbein and Ajzen(1975), this study tests that perceived value created by social commerce affects social commerce usage intention. In this study, authors e identify to the conception of perceived value as a multidimensional construct, economic, psychology, and time value. This study is to analyze the effects of the value perceived by the consumer on attitude toward social commerce and the effects of the attitude and subjective norm on social commerce usage intention. Additionally, we examine the moderating role of coupon redemption effort in the relationship between attitude toward social commerce and usage intention. In order to evaluative the validity of the model, 258 questionnaires were collected from college students who frequently use SNS and accept new trend and technology using internet survey. All the instrument items used in this study were adapted from previous research and the data were analyzed using SPSS 18 and AMOS 7. This study proposed several hypotheses and conducted an experiment to test these hypotheses. Based on the data analysis results, it was found that economic and psychology value has significant effects on attitude toward the social commerce but time value had not the effect on attitude toward the social commerce. And the present study has also shown that both attitude toward the social commerce and subjective norm significantly influenced usage intention. This finding suggests that the theory of reasoned action effectively explains the social commerce usage intention. The result regarding the moderating effect of the coupon redemption effort has shown that the attitude toward social commerce and usage intention is moderated by consumer perception about coupon redemption.