• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2016

It is important to know the sensitivity of shrubs to de-icing salt in order to set guidelines for ecological tolerance of evergreen shrubs along roads. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of de-icing salt, calcium chloride($CaCl_2$), on the growth and physiological characteristics of three evergreen shrubs, Euonymus japonica, Rhododendron indicum, and Buxus koreana. Plants were exposed to calcium chloride at different concentrations(weight percentage, 0% as control, 1.0%, 3.0%, and 5.0%) through amended soil maintained from the start of the experiment in October of 2014 until termination in March of 2015. The survival rate, plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, root/top ratio, chlorophyll contents, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate were recorded. Elevated calcium chloride concentrations decreased plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf shape index, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter, and R/T ratio of the three shrubs. Root growth responded more sensitively than the top growth to salinity. However Euonymus japonica was more tolerant to salt stress than Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana. Their growths were totally inhibited by $CaCl_2$ above 3.0% and 1.0% concentrations, respectively. Chlorophyll content, fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conduct, and transpiration rate of both Rhododendron indicum and Buxus koreana were reduced sharply, while Euonymus japonica exhibited mild reductions compared to plants grown in control when increasing calcium chloride was used. Especially, the transpiration rates of Rhododendron indicum, and the photosynthesis and stomatal conduct of Buxus koreana were suppressed as the concentrations of calcium chloride increased. Therefore, Euonymus japonica should be considered as an ecologically tolerant species with proven tolerance to de-icing salt.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.213-217
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• 2000

In order to select more proper plants for phytoextraction at the heavy metal polluted areas, 11 species of non-edible plants were cultivated at the cadmium(Cd) and Lead(Pb) treated soils and analyzed the content of the absorbed Cd and Pb in each part of plants. Plants include three fibers(Linum usitatissimum, Cannabis sativa, Gossypium spp.), three flowers(Calendula officinalis, Rhododendron lateritium, Portulaca grandiflora), and five trees(Pinus thunbergii, Magnolia kobus, $Populus\;nigra\;{\times}\;P.$ maximowiczii, Euonymus japonica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla). Yield of tree species were higher than that of fiber and flower species. Cd and Pb were highly accumulated in root rather than leaves and stems. The Cd content of plants was in the order Portulaca grandiflora > Calendula officinalis > Gossypium spp. > Linum usitatissimum, Pb was Cannabis sativa > Linum usitatissimum > Fraxinus rhynchophylla. Total absorbed Cd by each plant was in the order $Populus\;nigra\;{\times}\;P.$ maximowiczii > Euonymus japonica > Rhododendron lateritium, but Pb was $Populus\;nigra\;{\times}\;P.$ maximowiczii > Rhododendron lateritium > Euonymus japonica. Total absorbed Cd and Pb contents in plants were negatively correlated with the residual Cd and Pb in the treated soils. It was estimated that $Populus\;nigra\;{\times}\;P.$ maximowiczii, Euonymus japonica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, and Rhododendron lateritium were the most effective species for phytoextraction in the polluted area considering yield and heavy metal uptake.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.115-119
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• 2015

Four species of aphelinids from Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) infesting Japanese spindle (Euonymus japonicus Thunb. (Celastraceae)) leaves and twigs were collected and identified as Ablerus perspeciosus Girault, Encarsia citrina (Craw), Marietta carnesi (Howard) and Pteroptrix machiaveli (Girault). Of these, Pteroptrix machiaveli (Girault) is newly documented in the Korean fauna of Aphelinidae. Brief diagnostic criteria and illustrative photographs of these species are provided and there is information on the distribution and hosts of each species as well.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.17-23
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide information on management and apply it to a roadside ground cover plant understanding the capacity of calcium chloride in the plant. The experimental group was composed of the ratio control group of calcium chloride, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 3.0% in 500g of soil. Plant materials were selected and measured according to their ecological characteristics such as ground cover plant, Pachysandra terminalis, Hosta plantaginea, Trachelospermum asiaticum, Vitex rotundifolia, Euonymus japonica and Callicarpa japonica. The acidity of the amended soil was increased gradually depending on the treatment and conductivity was continually decreased. The EX-Ca increased after the treatment, but decreased in the middle of the experiment. Pachysandra terminalis, Trachelospermum asiaticum and Euonymus japonica were able to grow and survive at the ratio of 0.5%. Hosta plantaginea and Vitex rotundifolia were able to survive at the ratio of 1.0%. Hosta plantaginea, the possible state can absorb salts due to moisture and, can be applied to ground cover plants in the roadside. The growth and development of Callicarpa japonica was poor and the leaves were open to grow for calcium chloride treatment except the control group. It was concluded that Callicarpa japonica was very sensitive to calcium chloride.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.439-442
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• 1996

In this study, we tried to figure out the ecology of Masakimyia pustulae Yukawa et Sunose which attacts evergreen euonymus and results in scenic damage caused by early falling of leaves and may increase the susceptibility for anthrocnose. In addition, we tried to develope a method for the control of the insect to prevent spreading of the damage by use of insecticide. The results obtained from the study were as follows : 1. Masakimyia pustulae emerged from late April to late May at Chuncheon area. Average length of the adult insects was $1.88{\pm}0.43mm$, and the life span of them reached about 11 hours. The sex ratio of the insect was 56 : 44(female : male), and they ovipositied $90{\pm}28$ eggs. The shape of eggs was oval with average length $0.32{\pm}0.013mm$. The length of larvae averaged $1.64{\pm}0.25mm$ and started pupation from mid-March, which took about 40~50 days, although there was variance due to temperature variation in each spring. 2. The 3% powder of carbofuran treatment by burying $200g/m^3$ of the insecticide around the damaged tree during mid-March with additional burying about a week after pupation showed good result for the control of the insect, which resulted in more than 96.2% removal of the insects.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1986

Negatively stained dip preparations from Euonymus showing vein clear symptoms revealed bacilliform particles. The particles tentatively referred to as the Euonymus vein clear virus(EVCV) have a relatively complex structure, measuring 230-280nm in length and 70-80nm in diameter. They have an envelope, 8-10nm thick, provided with evenly spaced beadlike projection about 5-6nm long. The inner tubular core which had no envelope showed helical structures, 200-220nm long, and 50-55nm in diameter. This inner tubular core is interpreted as the virus nucleocapsid. A striking association of virus particles with the nuclei of infected cells was apparent from sections which showed numberous virus particles at the nuclear periphery and in what appeared to be intranuclear virus particle inclusions. Careful examination of these apparent inclusions revealed the presence of the nuclear envelope surrounding them, in addition to cytoplasmic organelles within them. Such profiles were interpreted as having arisen when the sections passed through invaginations of the cytoplasm into the nucleus. In all the sections showing virus particles associated with the nucleus, large number of virus particles were found to be present in expanded areas between the two lamellae of the nuclear envelope. This location is suggested as a possible site of virus assembly. Serveal micrographs of particles found in this location suggested incorporation of the inner lamella of the nuclear envelope into the viral envelope. Various micrographs indicated a possible helical arrangement of certain components present in the virus core.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.167-167
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• 2017

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.1 s.88
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• pp.44-53
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• 1999

This paper is the fifth contribution towards taxonomic studies on Cercospora and allied genera, and contains ten species of Korean cercosporoid fungi; viz., Cercospora adusta, C. chrysanthemi, C. ludwigiana, C. zebrina, Passalora depressa, Pseudocercospora destructiva, P. lonicericola, P. nojimai, Pseudocercosporella inconspicua, and Ramularia major. Morphological characteristics of taxonomic value are described and illustrated for these species to contribute towards a mycological monograph of Korean cercosporoid fungi.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.272-279
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine noise attenuation according to hedge species and thickness of their leaves. The order of their decrease effects was as follows from the highest to the lowest: Osmanthus asiaticus, Camellia japonica, Pyacantha angustifolia, Photinia glabra, Pittosporum tobira, Nandina domestica, Euonymus japonica, Chaenomeles lagenaria, Aucuba japonica for. Variegatar. The result of the experiment for noise atteunation has shown that woody plant with thicker leaves were better than those with thinner leaves. Multiple Regression Analysis showed Y = 7.653 + 26.530 X ($R^2$= 0.385). The order for the subjects according to their effects on noise attenuation is as follows from the highest to the lowest: Camellia japonica, Nandina domestica, Pittosporum tobira, Taxus cuspidata, Chaenomeles lagenaria. The noise attenuation level of Camellia japonica was the highest (14.70[dB]), while that of Chaenomeles lagenaria was the lowest (6.80[dB]), and its difference between them was 7.9[dB].

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.1 s.138
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• pp.51-59
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• 2005

A total of 45 scale insects belonging to 29 genera of five families were recognized on 15 kind of flowering plants on the basis of specimens collected in 2003 and specimens deposited in the Insect Collection of NIAST in Korea. Three species were recognized on Korean forsythia, four on chrysanthemum, 15 on common camellia, seven on kobus magnolia, three on rose of sharon, one on Indian lilac, six on rose, seven on rhododendrons, two on bamboo palm, three on benjamin tree, 12 on evergreen euonymus, five on Japanese yew, two on corn plant, six on orchids and two on cacti. Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood) and Pseudaonidia paeoniae (Cockerell) on common camellia and Pulvinaria citricolar Kuwana on rose of sharon are reported for the first time from the Korean Peninsula.