• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.17-23
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• 2007

To construct an ideal geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining wall (GRS-RW), the facing of the wall should be flexible enough to accommodate a large deformation of the supporting ground and to develop the large tensile force in reinforcements during wall construction as long as the stability is ensured, but should be rigid enough to be stiff and stable as well as durable and aesthetically acceptable for a long life time when the wall is in service. Facing conditions during the construction and service of the wall are quite different. So it is difficult to be satisfied all these conditions with the current construction method which is mainly used in reinforced wall construction in Korea. Most of this contradiction could be solved by the staged construction procedure. According to the results of cases and references analyses, stage construction procedures make it possible to accommodate large deformation of the supporting ground and backfill without losing the stability of the wall, and to derive the tensile strength of reinforcement causing deformation of the facing. When the facing is a full-height rigid one, it also appeared almost impossible to occur a local shear failure of the active zone, and pull-out failure of reinforcements. Therefore, GRS-RWs having a full-height rigid facing have been constructed by the staged construction procedures that matched well with the theory of reinforced soil, which had outstanding stability and durability, and thus could be used for railways and bridge abutments in Korea in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.458-473
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• 2001

The classified map of geomorphic surfaces is the most basic data for the geomorphological research. Up to recent days, the traditional methods extracting specific geomorphic surfaces are accomplished by analyzing the aerial photographs and topographical maps, and field works. Also it needs a lot of time and expertness. Furthermore it is difficult to gain the aerial photographs in Korea. Since digital maps in Korean Peninsula are almost completed recently, we tried to extract specific surfaces by analyzing the characteristics of marine terraces based on the level of paleoshoreline and slope analysis on the terrace surface using GIS. However, research used GIS was hardly found up to date, therefore many problems are not be solved yet. The aim of this study is to develop the more efficient and objective method for the extraction and classification of specific geomorphic surfaces by using GIS in Gampo-eup, Gyeongju city, Southeastem Coast in Korea, where a lot of traditional research has already accomplished. For this aim, we have designed the process of extracting specific geomorphic surfaces, chosen the factors that was Gyeongiu city, Southeastem Coast in Korea, where a lot of traditional research has already accomplished. For this aim, we have designed the process of extracting specific geomorphic surfaces, chosen the factors that was suitable for classification of specific geomorphic surface, and presented method of setting up optimum criteria of extraction. As last, effectiveness and problems of these methods were investigated through conincidence rate and error rate.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.4-21
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• 2019

In this paper, 23 Silla gold earrings from the sixth and seventhand centuries, excavated from the Yeongnam region, were analyzed. Based on the silver content of the gold plate, they were classified into three types. The classifications included type I(20-50wt%), type II(10-20wt%) and type III (less than 10wt%). In the analysis process, the composition and morphological differences were identified on the surface of the gold plate. In the case of type I and II earrings, it was observed that the fine holes were concentrated in a relatively higher part of the gold content. The causes of the difference in the surface composition of the gold plate were divided into four categories: 1) surface treatment, 2) thermal diffusivity in the manufacturing process, 3) differences in composition of alluvial gold, and 4) the refining method of gold. It is possible that depletion gilding was attempted to increase the gold content while intentionally removing the other metals from the surface of the gold alloy in the portion where the gold deposit is relatively concentrated on the surface of the gold plating. The highest copper content was detected in the earring with the highest gold content of the analyzed earrings, and it was assumed that thermal diffusion had occurred between the gold plate and the metal rod during the manufacturing process rather than intentional addition. Copper was detected only in the thin ring earring type, and copper was not detected in the thick ring earring type or pendant type. It also proves that this earring has a high degree of tightness at higher temperatures, as there was an invisible edge finish on other earrings and horizontal wrinkles on the gold plate surface. In terms of the material of the gold plate, we examined whether the silver content of the gold plate was natural gold or added by alloy through analyzing the alluvial gold collected in the region. As a result of the analysis, it was found that on average about 13wt% of silver is included. This suggests that type II is natural gold, type III is refined gold, and type I seems to have been alloyed with natural gold. Here, we investigated the refining method introduced in the ancient literature, both at home and abroad, about the possibility of alloying silver after the refining process of type III earrings and then making pure gold. It was found that from ancient refining methods, silver which had been present in the natural gold was removed by reacting and combining with silver chloride or silver sulfide, and long-term efforts and techniques were required to obtain pure gold through this method. Therefore, it was concluded that the possibility of adding a small amount of silver in order to increase strength after making pure gold through a refining process is low.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-117
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• 2010

This study conducts a case analysis based on the Olympic Forest Park in Beijing, which is specially designed for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. The construction of the Olympic Forest Park not only comprises the design philosophy of city parks and forest parks, but also applies Chinese traditional design elements. This study, first, researches on the design concepts of city parks in the context of traditional landscape architecture elements from both physical and cultural perspectives. The author studies the related materials including the"General Introduction of the Beijing Olympic Forest Park Landscape Plan", and employs the approaches of site investigation and user survey and interview, to analyze the cognition and preference degree of the various traditional design elements displayed in the Olympic Forest Park. To quantize the survey data on the Olympic Forest Park, this study uses the spss(v17.0) software to run a frequency analysis and presents detailed demographic, frequencies and means analyses. The author then reaches the conclusion on the preference degree of the various Chinese traditional design elements in the Olympic Forest Park. According to the analysis result, the elements that appear with the highest frequencies are mountains and waters, traditional garden plants and artistic conception. The most favorable elements are in sequence traditional garden architecture, traditional garden philosophical thinking and artistic conception. The Olympic Forest Park in Beijing is constructed on the basis of multiple design elements, comprising Chinese traditional design elements and the historical axis. As an exemplification of contemporary city park that reflects the variation of age and development of society, the Olympic Forest Park offers the reference for the selection of traditional design elements in the future schemes of city parks. However, due to the difficulty in gathering materials about the Forest Park and the limitations on the location and time constrain of the survey, there exists lack of sufficiency that could be improved in the future.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.89-98
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the ability of completing death certificates among medical students. Methods: The self-administered questionnaires were completed, during May to August 2007, by 380 medical students in senior. The questionnaire was composed of 10 cases to write the death certificate. The cause-of-deaths written by students were compared with the gold standards and their errors in the certificates also evaluated. Results: Mean agreement score for 10 underlying cause-of-deaths completed on the lowest line of part I in the death certificate (UC1) was $4.8{\pm}1.7$, and for underlying cause-of-death selected by a coder of the death certificates (UC2) was $5.6{\pm}1.5$. The UC1 and UC2 were significantly higher among the students having the case-oriented education for death certificate than others. For the major errors in the certificates completed by students, the students having the error with no antecedent cause were highest, the error with two or more conditions secondly highest. Mean number of errors was significantly lower in the case-oriented education group than others. Conclusions: Errors are common in the death certificates completed by medical students in senior. The accuracy of death certification may be more improved with the case-oriented education than the traditional method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.143-155
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• 2018

The Natural Landscape Rating System was introduced in the amendment of the NATURAL ENVIRONMENT CONSERVATION ACT in 2006. For landscape preservation, the system aims to consider the effects of development projects or plans implemented in a natural landscape on skylines, scenic resources, and view corridors. Currently, a lack of consistency in standards for determining Landscape Control Points (LCP) to assess landscape impact lowers the accuracy and reliability of the assessment results. As the perception of and the impact on a landscape varies, depending on the location of the LCP, it is necessary to establish a reasonable set of criteria to select viewpoints and avoid unreliability in the assessment due to unclear criteria. The intent of this study is to propose an objective and reasonable set of criteria for LCP selection to effectively measure the impact on the landscape from development projects that anticipate a change in the landscape and, ultimately, to suggest basic analysis methods to assess the landscape impact of development projects and to monitor the landscape in the future. Among the development projects affecting natural landscapes, as reported in the statement of the environmental impact assessment, cases of construction of a single building or other small-scale development projects were studied. Four spot development projects were analyzed in depth for their landscape impacts, in order to make recommendations for the LCP selection procedure, which aims to widen the scope of selection according to the direction of viewpoints from the target site. The existing results of analysis based on LCP have limitations because they failed to cover the viewshed of the target buildings when there are topographical changes in the surroundings. As a solution to this problem, a new viewshed analysis method has been proposed, with a focus on the development site and target buildings, rather than viewpoints, as used in past analysis.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

As the IT environment becomes more sophisticated, various threats and their associated serious risks are increasing. Threats such as DDoS attacks, malware, worms, and APT attacks can be a very serious risk to enterprises and must be efficiently managed in a timely manner. Therefore, the government has designated the important system as the main information communication infrastructure in consideration of the impact on the national security and the economic society according to the 'Information and Communication Infrastructure Protection Act', which, in particular, protects the main information communication infrastructure from cyber infringement. In addition, it conducts management supervision such as analysis and evaluation of vulnerability, establishment of protection measures, implementation of protection measures, and distribution of technology guides. Even now, security consulting is proceeding on the basis of 'Guidance for Evaluation of Technical Vulnerability Analysis of Major IT Infrastructure Facilities'. There are neglected inspection items in the applied items, and the vulnerability of APT attack, malicious code, and risk are present issues that are neglected. In order to eliminate the actual security risk, the security manager has arranged the inspection and ordered the special company. In other words, it is difficult to check against current hacking or vulnerability through current system vulnerability checking method. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for extracting diagnostic data regarding the necessity of upgrading system vulnerability check, a check item that does not reflect recent trends, a technical check case for latest intrusion technique, a related study on security threats and requirements. Based on this, we investigate the security vulnerability management system and vulnerability list of domestic and foreign countries, propose effective security vulnerability management system, and propose further study to improve overseas vulnerability diagnosis items so that they can be related to domestic vulnerability items.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.98-108
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• 2013

The number of Hi-Pass lanes became 793 lanes at 316 expressway tollgates in 2011 due to the increase in the Hi-Pass use. In spite of the increase in the number of Hi-Pass lanes, there have been increased potential risks in tollgates where vehicles using a Hi-Pass lane must weave with other vehicles using a TCS lane. Therefore, there is a need for study on the safety in tollgates. To this end, this study aims at developing a methodology to evaluate the performance measures of diverse location countermeasures of Hi-Pass lanes in an efficient and systematic way. This study measured the mobility, safety and the convenience of installation and operation of Hi-Pass lanes using a microscopic traffic simulation tool, the surrogate safety assessment model and survey. In addition, this study aggregated the above three performance indexes using weight factors estimated using the AHP technique. For the test site, Dongsuwon interchange was selected. After building the microscopic traffic simulation model for the test site, the location countermeasures of Hi-Pass lanes applicable to the test site were compared with each other in terms of the mobility, safety and installing and operating convenience. As a result, there has been no apparent difference in mobility index based on delays. However, the countermeasures where Hi-Pass lanes are located in inside lanes generally showed better safety performance based on the number of conflicts. In addition, countermeasures with neighboring Hi-Pass lanes were favorable in terms of the safety and the convenience of installation and operation. The methodology proposed in this study was found to be useful to support decision makings by providing critical and quantitative information regarding the mobility, safety and the convenience of installation and operation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-105
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• 2005

This study is that the name from Tagjijunjeol is compared with the actual papers used in historical documents. I have selected the families having had influencing power in Gyungi-Do(京畿道), Gyungsang-Do(慶尙道), Jeonra-Do(全羅道), Chungcheung-Do(忠淸道), and analyzed 1504 articles of historical documents owned by those families. I checked up each papers used in historical documents in it's shape of screens, density, raw material. I cannot find the feature of it's region, but prominent feature according to the types and period of historical documents. At first, I have surveyed the impressions of screen marks in papers. The number of strips can be divided into two cases, around 10 and around 17. The case around 17 is similar to the number seen in the book paper of the early Joseon Dynasty, but the case around 10 is rare. Dard Hunter said in his book, published in 1933, that screens were made of Korean grass(Miscanthus sp.) at that time in Korea. I guess the impressions of screen marks of the case around 10 was made of Korean grass, Miscanthus sp.. The case around 10 and the case around 17 were not different in period, but the contemporary appearance. However, if we look into the change of strips' number, we can learn that it becomes more dense as time goes by. The intervals of hair stitch, contrary to book paper, have appeared irregularly and a short hair stitch was frequently found between long hair stitches. This was the result of fastening extra stitch to increase the firmness of strips, as the part of screens which was frequently touched by hands would wear out easily. Then, have look into the density. Each kinds of historical documents had a wide range of density. But the average have had relationship with the kinds of paper written in Tagjijunjeol. The historical documents having the same item of paper have kept similar densities. From the density variation of Gosingyoji(告身敎旨), the letter of appointment the official rank over 5 by king, based on time periods, we can see a great disparity between before and after Imjin-waeran war. Before Imjin-waeran war paper's quality was high, right after Imjin-waeran war went abruptly down, and went gradually up just from 1650's, but since 1700's quality has not risen more, kept the value. On the contrary, the density of Gyocheop(敎牒), the letter of appointment the official rank under 5 by the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Military, have not had a great disparity according to time periods, but had a lower density than Gosingyoji. Joseon Dynasty has strictly divided Gosingyoji appointing the official rank over 5 from Gyocheop appointing the official rank under 5, it seems to distinguish the appointment by king from the appointment by Ijo(吏曹), the Ministry of Personnel and Byeongjo(兵曹), the Ministry of Military.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.6-25
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• 2024

This study concentrated on a report on the results of smelting experiments conducted eight times by the Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, put together the goals and results of the operation, and examined changes in the content of experiments and in the experimental results. First, changes related to operation, such as the ratio of raw materials to fuel and the presence or absence of additives, were reviewed depending on the operation goal. In addition, the results of metallurgical analysis of raw materials, formations, and byproducts were summarized and reviewed by comparing them with materials excavated from the ruins. The operation method varied up to the eighth smelting experiment in terms of iron ore roasting, additives, and raw material/fuel ratio. After reviewing the results again, pure iron with a low carbon content began to be confirmed through metallurgical analysis. As a result, it was confirmed that the charging ratio of raw materials and fuel plays an important role depending on the purpose of production. In addition, most of the products are gray cast iron, and it was deemed that this is due to changes in the internal structure of the pig iron while it was left in the furnace for a long time. The iron was an ingot that was in a molten state even though the carbon content did not reach 4.3%, where the process reaction takes place, and it was deemed to have been caused by excessive operating temperature. Based on the previously reviewed results and the structure and shape of the experimental furnace used in other ironmaking technology restoration experiments, this study finally attempted to restore the structure of an ancient iron smelting furnace, including the furnace's upper structure. By comprehensively referring to the remaining conditions of the excavated iron smelting furnace and the characteristics of the blow pipe, the form of the ancient iron smelting furnace was subdivided into six categories: furnace wall thickness, furnace height, blower height, blow pipe size, furnace inner wall shape, and top shape, and a restoration plan was proposed. To improve the problems of the restoration plan and the Jungwon National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage's experiments that have been conducted through continuous trial and error, an experiment that reflects changes in operating methods by lowering the furnace height and controlling the blowing volume is necessary.