• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.348-356
• /
• 2016

Carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) gases concentration in atmosphere has been growing since preindustrial times. By sequestering a large amount of atmospheric carbon (C), terrestrial ecosystems are thought to offer a mitigation strategy for reducing global warming. Woody agro-ecosystems such as fruit tree are among the least quantified and most uncertain elements in the terrestrial carbon cycle. $CO_2$ and energy fluxes were measured by the eddy covariance method on a 15-year old apple orchard of South Korea in 2006. Environmental parameters (net radiation, precipitation, etc.) were measured along with fluxes. The results showed that during late June, the ability to sequestrate C was significant at an apple orchard ecosystem and it reached on the peak of $-6.5g\;C\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. We found that in the apple orchard, the daily average of net ecosystem exchange of $CO_2$ (NEE) and cumulative NEE on a yearly basis were $-1.1g\;C\;m^{-2}$ and $-396.9g\;C\;m^{-2}$, respectively. These results reveal that there is high carbon sequestration in the apple orchard of South Korea, which is the same magnitude with repect to that of a natural forested ecosystem of the same biome rank (temperate-humid deciduous forest).

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
• /
• v.13 no.6 s.111
• /
• pp.58-65
• /
• 1992

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.43 no.3 s.136
• /
• pp.189-194
• /
• 2004

This study investigated the species of leafrollers in apple orchards and nursery farms in Gyeongsangbuk-do for three years from 1998 to 2000, and also examined the occurrence and damage of leafrollers in commercial apple orchards in 5-6 cities and districts for 10 years from 1992 to 2001. Total seven species of tortricidae were found in the apple orchards, which were Adoxophyes orana, Archips breviplicanus, Rhopobota unipunctana, Choristoneura longicellana, Acleris fimbriana, Ptycholoma lecheana circumclusna and Archips subrufanus. Among them, A. orana was dominant species every year, and A. breviplicanus and R. unipunctana occurred with a high density in one or two farms in some years. The dominant species in the 1980s were A. breviplicanus and R. unipunctana, but it was considered that dominant species have been changed in the late 1990s. According to the result of leafroller damage in commercial apple orchards for 10 years, the mean fruit damage rate was $0.67\%$. Fruit damage was observed frequently between August and October by third-generation larvae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 2008

This survey was conducted from 1992 to 2005 in the major apple producing districts in southern part of South Korea including $4{\sim}8$ cities, to know the occurrence and damage level of two major pests, Carposina sasakii and Grapholita molesta that attack apple fruit. The fruit damage by G. molesta during the harvest period ranged from 0.02 to 1.64%. A tendency of higher damage of G. molesta was observed after 1997 compared with the previous years. The other hand, the fruit damage by C. sasakii was 0.02 to 1.30%, and the damage level was very low with fruit damage of < 0.3% except 1998. The orchard infested with G. molesta was 13 to 71 %, while 12 to 57% with C. sasakii. The rates of orchards where fruit damage by G. molesta was found were higher than those by C. sasakii after 1997. The tendency of fruit damage rates in the orchard where the most fruit damage was found was same with the trend of orchard rates infested with the pests. The maximum damage rate by G. molesta was 20.0% in 2005, while 4.5% by C. sasakii in 1998. The damaged shoot rates by the first generation G. molesta was $0.1{\sim}8.1%$, and it had a positive correlation with the rates of fruit damage during the harvest period. Consequently, it is concluded that G. molesta is dominant species compared with C. sasakii in commercial apple orchards recently.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.231-236
• /
• 1997

Arthropods of 3 Classes, 19 Orders and 58 Families were collected by the enticing band from the trunk of apple trees in winter in Kyongbuk province. The two spotted spider mite, Tetranychu.v urricae Koch, was dominant species with 53.0%, followed by Eriosomtr lanigerutn Hausmann. 16.7%. Oribatida 13.3% and Collembola 9.3%. Of those, herbivores were majority, followed by some decomposers and few natural enemies. Arthropods of 2 Classes, 12 Orders and 17 Families were observed from the fallen leaves. T. urric,ae 63.1% was dominant, followed by Collembola 13.797~ and other Arthropods. While 2 Classes, 9 Orders and 18 Families were investigated from the soil of apple orchards. They were collembola 37.9%. Oribatida 34.476, T. urticae Ih.l% and others in few numbers. Decomposers were majority, followed by herbivores and few natural enemies.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.5-9
• /
• 2016

This survey was conducted to identify weed occurrence and to investigate weed management methods in the apple orchard fields in Chungnam province including Daejeon and Sejong from April to June and from September to October, 2015. In this survey, 64 weed species in 27 families including 39 annuals and 25 perennials were identified. Based on the importance values, the most dominant weed species in the first survey was Poa annua (6.51), followed by Veronica didyma (5.36), Plantago asiatica (5.36). In the second survey, Stellaria media (5.73), Digitaria ciliaris (5.36), and Rumex crispus (5.18) were dominant. When the 64 weed species were classified by family, the most abundant weed species belong to Compositae (12 species), followed by Poaceae (7 species), Polygonaceae (6 species), and Cruciferae (6 species). These 31 weed species in the most occurred four families accounted for 48% of total weed occurrence. Based on the questionnaire survey in which weed management methods in the apple orchard were asked, applied mowing + herbicide, mowing + tillage, and mowing + sod-culture was methods commonly conducted in apple orchard fields.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 1985

사과재배에서 가장 무서운 부란병은 1900년경 경제적인 과수원이 조성되면서부터 문제되어온 병이다. 이 병은 일종의 곰팡이에 의하여 일어나는 병으로 전파력이 매우 강하여 한번 발생한 포장에서는 완전히 방제하기가 매우 어렵다. 부란병은 전국적으로 발생하고 있으나 충주, 경산과 같이 오래된 과수원에서 많이 발생하며 30년 이상된 과수원에는 발병되지 않은 나무가 없을 정도로 많이 발생되고 있다. 이 병은 다른 사과나무 병과는 달리 주로 나무의 주간과 주지에 발생하므로 빨리 치료하지 않으면 과수원이 폐원되는 경우가 흔히 있는데 부란병의 방제에 도움이 될 수 있는 병원균의 특성, 병징, 발생시기, 발병요인, 방제법 등에 대하여 살펴보면 다음과 같다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.256-265
• /
• 1995

The effect ground-cover weeds on the occurrence of apple pests and their natural enemies was studied in an apple orchard in Ahnsung, Kyung-gi do during seasons of 1993 and 1994. The major apple pests and their parasitoids and predators were surveyed on the apple tree canopy in tow experimental plots; a weed-free lot where all weeds were removed by herbicide treatment, and a mowed plot where weeds were allowed restrictly by cutting with an asickle. Also, a sweep net sampling was taken from ground-cover weeds in the mowed plot. There were no significant differences in the abundance of mite and aphids between two plots, although mite densities tend to be lower in the mowed plot. The apple leaf miner, Phyllonorycter ringoniella, was significantly fewer in the mowed plot,. The densities of natural enemies of mites and aphids were slightly higher in the mowed plot. The parasitism of apple leaf miner in the mowed plot was 6~10% and 20~25% higher than that in the weed-free plot in 1993 and 994, respectively. Several natural enemies such as Apanteles kuwayamai (Braconidae), Orius sauteri (Anthocoridae), Chrysopa sp. (Chrysopidae), coccinellidae, and Eulophidae were collected both from weeds and the apple trees, However, potential apple pests were not observed on weeds. The development of insect community on the apple tree canopy was restricted by the pesticide spray on apple trees, while the insect community on weeds was maintained without significant destruction by pesticides spray on apple trees. Consequentely, the ground-cover weeds under apple trees affected occurrences of apple pests and their natural enemies in apple trees. te specialist natural enemies such as apple leaf miner's parasitoids dispersed from weeds to the apple canopy and affected apple leaf miner density significantly. However, generalist predators that have preys available on weeds stayed on weeds, hence their control effects for mites and aphids on the apple canopy were low.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 1993

Apple pomace and soymilk residue which have 36.3% and 20.2% of neutral detergent fiber, respectively, were evaluated as potential dietary fiber supplement. Apple pomace showed strong functional properties as source of dietary fiber when Created with water, and n-hexane continually. The neutral detergent fiber content of treated apple pomace was 60.9% and holding capacities were 11.3g water/g and 2.01g fat/g. Canon exchange capacity was 65.0meq./100g. Soymilk residue showed good functional properties as source of dietary fiber when treated continually with water, n-hexane, acid and alkali. The neutral detergent fiber content of treated soymilk residue was 52.7% and holding capacities were 10.2g water/g and 1.52g fat/g. Canon exchange capacity was 63.7meq./100g. The color of treated dietary fiber sources were slightly shifted to darkness.

• 농업기술회보
• /
• v.40 no.9 s.483
• /
• pp.20-23
• /
• 2003