• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2020

The classification of plant diseases by images captured by a camera sensor has been studied over past decades. A method that has gained much interest is to use image segmentation, from which statistical features are derived and analyzed by machine learning. Recently, deep learning has been adopted in this area. However, image segmentation is still a difficult task to achieve stable performance due to a variety of environmental variations. The end-to-end learning in neural network has a demerit that train images may be different from real images acquired in outdoor fields. To solve these problems, we propose superpixel-based disease classification method using end-to-end CNN (convolutional neural network) learning. Based on experiments performed on PlantVillage apple images, the classification accuracy is 98.29% and 92.43% for full-image and superpixel. As well, the multivariate F1-score is (0.98, 0.93). Therefore we validate that the method of using superpixel is comparable to that of full-image.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate an effects on ago-chemical alternative materials such as the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan used for amount and qualities of fruits and to examine the pest protection efficiency for their uses in the apple and pear orchard farms. An apple yields in the orchard cultivated with using the ago-chemical alternative materials without appling the fertilizer and pesticides were decreased at 56% relative to the conventional farming practice method. Also, it was indicated that there was difficult to produce the fruits with marketability because the small sizes of fruits were produced. For the quality of fruits, the brix of apple produced in the orchard cultivated with using the ago-chemical alternative materials was similar, but Vitamin C content was greater than that of the conventional farming practice method. As a results of treating with the wood vinegar, a lactic acid bacteria serum, the fermented plant juice, the brown rice vinegar and a Chitosan instead of applying pesticides, the fruit disease in the Chitosan treatment was a little decreased, but was great occurred in the other treatments compared with the conventional farming practice mehod. However, it observed that brix and Vitamin C content of apple produced in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, fermented plan juice and fish amino acid treatments and in the Chitosan, brown rice vinegar, charcoal power and peat moss treatments were greater than those of the conventional farming practice method, respectively. Over all, it considered that there was very difficult to manage the orchard depended on the ago-chemical alternative materials without appling the chemical fertilizer and pesticides in the apple orchard, but it might be proper to use the ago-chemical alternative materials as an auxiliary means to decrease the appling amount of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. Furthermore, the general effects on the ago-chemical alternative materials to the perennial fruits should be investigated with considering the changes of soil fertility, soil microbial status and natural enemy creatures after treating them for a long time.

• The Bimonthly Magazine for Agrochemicals and Plant Protection
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• v.5 no.8
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• pp.2-7
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• 1984

우리나라에 제일 먼저 도입된 과수는 사과이며 그후 경제적인 과수원이 조성된것은 1901년이고 국가적인 차원에서 시험연구사업이 시작된 것은 1906년부터이다. 과수병의 연구는 1910년 부터 배나무 붉은별무늬병을 비롯하여 몇가지 병에 대한 약제방제시험으로부터 시작되었다. 본격적인 농약으로서의 살균제는 석회보르도액이며 1945년 이전까지 주로 과수원에서만 사용되어 왔다.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) first developed in the 1950s, and the concept of economic control via pest management was established in the 1960s. Research on IPM began in the United States and Europe, and IPM studies in Korea started with citrus insects and paddy field pests following the distribution of high-yield varieties of rice. Apple IPM in Korea began with research on pest control using chemical pesticides and pesticides resistant to insect pests, studies on the ecology of insect pests and their natural enemies, and the exploitation of sex pheromones on insect pests. Since the 1990s, IPM research and field projects have been carried out simultaneously for farming households. In the 2000s, the development of pest monitoring and forecasting models centered on mating disturbances, database programs for pests, and networks for sharing information. IPM technology has expanded via the development of unmanned forecasting systems and automation technologies in the 2010s.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.434-441
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• 1996

This study was conducted to clarify the degradation pattern, safety evaluation and penetration ratio of benomyl and bitertanol to apple used as postharvest fungicides during CA(controlled atmosphere) and cold storage. In CA storage, the degradation of benomyl and bitertanol in stored apple was slow at the early stage, while that in cold storage was, on the contrary, faster at the early stage. The initial concentrations of benomyl and bitertanol in apples applied at the standard application concentrations were 2.24 and 1.54mg/kg, respectively, and their residual amounts were below the maximum residue limits, 1mg/kg at 135 and 96 days in CA storage, 115 and 70 days in cold storage, respectively. The half-lives of benomyl and bitertanol in stored apples were 124 and 130 days in CA storage, 101 and 111 days in the cold storage, respectively, indicating that the degradation was faster in cold storage than in CA storage. The residual amount of benomyl and bitertanol in stored apples was retained more in peels than in pulps of apples.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1998

The occurrence of postharvest disease of apple was surveyed from 1995 to 1997 in the major apple-producing area in Korea. Ten genera including Alternaria spp., Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium spp., and Penicillium spp. were isolated from the decayed apple fruits. Of these, B. cinerea, Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. were frequently isolated and were highly pathogenic to apple fruits. Optimum temperature of mycelial growth for Penicillium spp. ranged from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$ and that of mycelial growth for B. cinerea and Alternaria spp. ranged from 5 to $30^{\circ}C$. Optimum temperature of sporulation of Penicillium spp. and Alternaria spp. ranged $15{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$, respectively. Occurrence of postharvest disease of apple increased in neglecting selection of wounded fruits before storing apples. Most of these fungi causing postharvest diseases such as Penicillium spp, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria spp. were isolated from healthy fruits sampled at apple orchard. These results suggested that posthavest diseases of apple were originated from apple fruits contaminated from apple orchard and occurred during storage. In addition, five fungicides including prochloraz EC, fenari EC, captan WP, benomyl WP and folpet WP suppressed posthavest diseases when they sprayed on apple fruits at 30 days before harvesting.

• THE HEALTH and ORGANIC FARMING
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• no.227
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• pp.1-12
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• 2006

6월 2일 "유기농업의" 날 선포식/뜨겁고 집중호우 많아지는 한반도/우리의 산야초/규산질비료에 대하여/친환경농업도지사 김태환 제주도지사 당선/당뇨병환자에게 알리는 희소식/손 씻기는 최고의 건강 지킴이/노화의 주범, 활성산소를 없애자/숫자로 보는 건강/아이들건강과 먹을거리 패러다임의 전환/아태 유기농업현황/두가지 비료로 유기농작물의 고품질 다수확 생산을 체계적으로 보다 쉽게 하는 방법/울산시,'친환경농업 실천 5개년 계획'확정/벼 육묘시 발생하는 병해들/시설내 병해의 생태와 방제/김제 청하 유기재배 배 단지/친환경농산물 전문인증기관 연수교육/국내외 친환경농축산물의 생산 및 인증실태/친환경농산물 인증자 교육/해충의 습성을 이용한 퇴치/건강한 밥상, 건강한 아이 만들어/협회소식/"학교급식 전문 식자재센터 설치를"/유기퇴비 제조방법 개발/중,산시성에 2억평 유기농 사과수출단지 조성/유기 및 일반 농산물의 품질 비교에 관한 연구/미생물 비료

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.19-23
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• 1972

Apple cankers caused by Valsa mali Miyabe, Botryosphaeria ribis Cross, Phomopsis truncicola Miura, are distributed in the main apple growing areas, Choong Chung Puk Do, Choong Chung Nam Do, and Kyung Sang Puk Do. According to the survey in 1970 that Valid mali is the dominant causal organism among the three in the most severely damaged area. Valsa mali and Botryosphaeria ribis were found in ail 3 provinces, however, Phomopsis truncicola was not found in Choong Chung Nam Do. Especially, Botryosphaeria ribis was most abundant in Chunwon of Choong Chung Nam Do. Effects of chemical control of apple canker caused by Valsa mali were tested both on potato dextrose agar with inhibition zones produced by the fungicides and relative growth of assay fungus of peridermis was treated with tile fungicides. Ifost effective was mercuric and followed by Lime sulfur, Hydroquinone sulfate, in general.

• THE HEALTH and ORGANIC FARMING
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• no.179
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• pp.1-24
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• 2002

농림부, 2010년까지 유기농산물 2%로 확대/지자체 선거 전후에 '친환경유기농업육성조례' 제정을 강력히 촉구하자./노린재피해 이젠 걱정 끝/벼논 오리로 실천하는 유기농업/'친환경직불' 논직불제로 통합/친환경농업은 생산자의의무/유기농업에의한과수(단감) 재배/6월중 농사정보/'현미' 당뇨병 예방효과가 있다./사과그린농법/미국인 건강식 관심 상승/과수의 병해와 그 방제책/무주군 환경농업대학 2년연속 성황 이뤄

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.175-178
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• 2001

최근 호주 및 미국의 오렌지나 사과 등의 과수재배에서는 천적과 함께 석유 유래의 petroleum spray oils (PSOs)을 이용한 병해충종합관리(IPM) 체계가 적극적으로 도입되고 있다. PSO 제제는 천적, 인축 및 환경잔류 독성이 낮으며 해충에 대해서는 호흡곤란 및 기피작용에 의한 방제효과로 약제저항성을 유발시키지 않는다는 장점이 있으나 식물독성 유발의 위험성 때문에 이용의 확대가 제한되었다.(중략)