• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 2006

This study was examined the contents of solid, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, protein, amino acid and collagen in beef leg and rib bone soup by various boiling time(1, 2, 4, 8, 12 hours). The results were as follows; as the boiling time increased, contents of solid, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, protein, amino acid and collagen were increased. However, the boiling time increased, cloudiness (T%) was decreased. When we compared beef bone leg with the rib bone soup, rib bone soup was much nutritional contents than leg bone soup. In sensory evaluation of the soup boiled for 12 hours, added with 0.8% salt, rib bone stew was highly evaluated than leg bone soup.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 1998

As a part of basic investigation for utilizing by-products derived from seafood processing as a food source, a chemical characteristics of fish bones (cod bone, Alaska pollack bone, yellowfin sole bone, hoki bone, conger eel bone and mackerel bone) were investigated. The crude protein (40.7% on the dry basis) and collagen contents (5.86%, on the dry basis), imino acid composition (189 residues/1,000 residues) of hoki bone were higher than those of the other fish bones, but were lower than those of the animal bone. The crude lipid contents and EPA and DHA compositions of yellowfin sole, conger eel and mackerel bones were $22.8{\sim}43.9%$ on the dry basis and $15.6{\sim}23.8%$, respectively and were lower than those of squid viscera. The major ash components of the fish bones were found to be calcium and phosphorus and the contents in 100 g crude ash were $37.1{\sim}38.6%$ and $18.0{\sim}18.5%$ respectively. The calcium and phosphorus contents in 100 g crude ash of cod and Alaska pollack bones were more than those of the animal bones, as well as the others. It may be concluded, front these results, hoki bone can be effectively utilized as a processing materal of collagen or gelatin and cod and Alaska pollack bones as a calcium source.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2000

Thig study was conducted to get a knowledge on chemical components of the cooked tuna bones (skipjack tuna bone and yellowfin tuna bone) as a food resource. The crude protein of tuna bone was around $29{\%}$ on the dry basis. The imino acid content (193 imino acid residues /1,000 amino acid residues) of collagen extracted from yellowfin tuna bone was higher than that (173 imino acid residues /1,000 amino acid residues) of collagen extracted from skipjack tuna bone, however, it was lower than that of collagen extracted from animal bone. The content and the ratio of unsatuated fatty acids in lipid extracted from yellowfin tuna bone were higher than those of lipid extracted from skipjack tuna bone, but they were lower than those of squid viscera oil. The contents of calcium and phosphorus as the major components of the tuna tone were 36.5 g and 17.2 g in 100 g ash in the skipjack, respectively, and 38.0 g and 18.7 g in 100 g ash in the yellowfin, respectively. It was concluded from these results that tuna bones could be effectively utilized as a mineral source.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.300-306
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• 2012

This study reports the stable carbon and nitrogen isotope of mummy, the preserved human time capsule from Joseon Dynasty. The stable isotopic composition of biological tissue is expected to be a direct and constant function of diet because the stable isotope ratios do not decay or change in abundance through time. Over the past three decades, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis has been extensively applied for archaeological topics. However, this is the first case in Korean mummy to extract palaeodietary information using stable isotope analysis. We extracted isotopic information from bone collagen and hair keratin, which reflects the lifetime average diet and short-term diet, respectively. The average values of ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ values are -19.0‰ and 11.4‰ (bone collagen), and -21.3‰ and 14.3‰ (hair keratin). Stable carbon isotope shows a mainly $C_3$-based diet from cradle to grave. On the other hand, there is significant difference in stable nitrogen isotope which implies a relatively enriched diet before death. We expect this study opens up a potential to understand the palaeodietary lifestyle in Joseon Dynasty.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.533-539
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• 2017

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope results recorded in human bone reflects palaeodiet, nutrition, subsistence and palaeoenvironment. We analyzed the remains of the Naju Yeongdong-ri people, who live at around $6^{th}$ century, excavated from stone chambers and stone-lined tombs. The following results of the analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes were obtained: ${\delta}^{13}C=-19.5{\pm}0.7$‰, ${\delta}^{15}N=9.6{\pm}0.7$‰, (n=9). The value for stable carbon isotopes indicates that the Naju Yeongdong-ri people had a largely $C_3$-based diet such as rice, barley, and beans. On the other hand, the value for stable nitrogen isotopes reflect the consumption of terrestrial animal protein. This study presents new information on the dietary patterns of the Naju Yeongdong-ri people, whose tombs were similar to the Baekje tomb style and their burial type was much like the one followed by the indigenous people of the Yeongsan river basin.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2016

This paper presents a new information on animal husbandry practice in the Baekje period using stable isotope analysis of 17 animal bones excavated from the Pungnaptoseong Fortress. Stable carbon isotope evidence implies that wild animals such as deer and pigs had mainly $C_3$-based diet whereas domestic cattle and horses might have consumed more $C_4$ plants. In addition, we propose one potential that domestic pigs show higher nitrogen isotope values in comparison with wild boar because they were possibly fed by humans.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.262-270
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• 2019

The stable isotopic composition of bone collagen plays an important role in reconstructing palaeodiet, nutrition, palaeoenvironment and their lifestyle. This is the first case in extracting palaeodietary information and breastfeeding pattern of Goryeo people using stable isotope analysis due to the lack of human remains in this period. We analyzed human bone collagen excavated from Gyeongju Donggung palace and Wolji pond No.3. The average values of δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N are as follows: (δ¹³C(‰) = -19.5 ± 0.9‰, δ¹⁵N(‰) = 11.1 ± 1.1 ‰, (n = 4). Stable carbon isotope values shows a mainly C₃ based diet such as rice and barley. Stable nitrogen isotope results implies the protein sources attributed to terrestrial animals. There are various age groups in this study, which are adult, child and infant. Two individuals within early childhood age ranges (< 3 years) shows more elevated δ¹⁵N values than that of adult and this result implies the continuation of breastfeeding in this group until the age of 3. The results provide new insight into the breastfeeding pattern of Goryeo people, where breastfeeding and weaning practices have important implication for fertility, population dynamics, migration pattern and disease.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2010

Bone is a hierarchically structured composite material which has been well studied by the materials engineering community because of its unique structure and mechanical properties. Bone is a laminated organic-inorganic composite composed of primarily hydroxyapatite, collagen and water. The main mineral that gives bone's hardness is calcium phosphate, which is also known as hydroxyapatite. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the structure of femurs from chicken and rabbit. The elemental analysis was used to search variation in the distribution of calcium, potassium and oxygen in the femur. Current investigation focused on two structural scales: micro scale (arrangement of compact bone) and nano scale (collagen fibril and apatite crystals). At micro scale, distinct difference was found in microstructures of chicken femur and rabbit femur. At nano scale, we analyzed the shape and size of apatite crystals and the arrangement of collagen fibril. Consequently, femurs of chicken and rabbit had very similar chemical property and structures at nano scale despite of their different species.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.290-295
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• 1993

In order to utilize effectively fish skin from fish processing, characteristics of the yellowfin sole and dover sole skins were investigated. In the yellowfin sole, the crude protein content and yield of fish skin used for the preparation of gelatin were 22.3% and 11.3%, respectively and in the dover sole, 17.2% and 8.9%, respectively. In the yellowfin sole skin, the soluble and insoluble collagen occupied 66.1% and 33.9%, respectively and in the dover sole skin, 78.8% and 21.1%, respectively. No difference in the amino acid composition between soluble and insoluble collagen was detected. The sum of proline and hydroxyproline content in the collagen extracted from fish skin was lower than that of those from pork skin or bone. The molecular weight of the two major subunits from the soluble collagen in the yellowfin sole skin were found to be 143 KDa and 202 KDa. Those in the dover sole skin were 142 KDa and 207 KDa. The physico-chemical properties such as the melting point and gelling point of yellowfin sole skin gelatin were superior to those of dover sole skin gelatin.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2012

The bone material is a composite material consisted of collagen and mineral crystals. Also it shows transversely isotropic symmetry. So far none has shown that the components of the elasticity tensor satisfy the Voigt and Reuss bounds. To determine the effective elastic constant of bone material, the Voigt and Reuss bounds are employed and we show that the components of the elasticity tensor satisfy the Voigt and Reuss bounds. Mathematically this bounds are satisfied on two conditions only out of four conditions.