• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.38 no.10
• /
• pp.807-815
• /
• 2014

This study was performed using a laminar flow reactor that could replicate the combustion environment of pulverized coal in a blast furnace. Since a pulverized coal injection system was developed for iron making, the combustion characteristics of pulverized coal have been important in the iron and steel industry. The flame structure, particle temperature, and exhaust gas were investigated for different types of coal. The results of this study demonstrated that the combustion characteristics of coal are influenced by several properties of individual coals. In particular, the CO emission and volatile matter content of individual coals were found to have a strong influence on their combustion characteristics. Thus, this study found the properties of the coals to be significant and focused on the particle temperature and CO and $CO_2$ emissions.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.48 no.1
• /
• pp.53-59
• /
• 2005

The effect of various stressors such as reductant ascorbic acid, signalling molecules (salicylic acid and methyl jasmonic acid), heavy metals $(NiCl_2,\;and\;MnSO_4)$ and NaCl on the glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and isoenzyme expression patterns were investigated in rice seedling roots. Total GPX activity increased according to the increase of ascorbic acid concentration. Prominent enhancement of GPX1 isozyme due to ascorbic acid contributed to the increase of total GPX activity. GPX showed different reactivity toward salicylic acid and methyl jasmonic acid. GPX activity increased at 0.1 mM salicylic acid, and then decreased thereafter. However, GPX increased gradually in a methyl jasmonic acid concentration-dependent manner, and 3 fold increase of GPX activity was found at 1 mM methyl jasmonic acid. Moreover, GPX1 isozyme increased according to the increase of salicylic acid, while GPX1 isozyme decreased according to the increase of methyl jasmonic acid. When metal ions were treated, GPX activity increased considerably according to the increase of $NiCl_2$ concentration, however, GPX activity increased about 2 fold at 0.5 mM $CuSO_4$ and then decreased. Enhancement of GPX1 isozyme contributed to the increase of total GPX activities in $NiCl_2-treated$ and $MnSO_4-treated$ rice seedlings. Total GPX activity increased 1.7 fold in response to 300 mM NaCl. Especially GPX2 isozyme showed gradual increase according to the increase of NaCl concentration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.10
• /
• pp.1869-1879
• /
• 2000

A series of experiments were conducted for modeling the fate and effect of the coupled oxidation reduction reaction of ethanol and propionate recognized as important intermediates in anaerobic degradation metabolism. Anaerobic kinetics for conversion of propionate and the interaction with ethanol were investigated using the model of specific substrate priority utilization effect. Seed cultures for the experiment were obtained from an anaerobically enriched steady-state propionate master culture reactor (HPr-MCR), ethanol-propionate master culture reactor (EtPr-MCR) and glucose master culture reactor (Glu-MCR). Experiments were consisted of four phases. Phase I, II and III were conducted by fixing the propionate organic loading as 1.0 g COD/L with increasing ethanol loading of 0, 100, 200, 400 and 1,000 mg/L, to find metabolic interaction of ethanol and propionate degradation by each enriched anaerobic culture. In phase IV, different mixing ratios of Glu-MCR and HPr-MCR cultures with fixed propionate organic loading, 1.0 g COD/L, were applied to observe the propionate degradation metabolic behavior. In the results of this study, different pathways of propionate and ethanol conversion were found using a modified competitive inhibition kinetic model. Increase of $K_{s2}$ value reflected the formation of acetate followed by ethanol degradation. In addition. $K_3$ value was increased slightly as the reactions of acetate formation and degradation were occurred in acetoclastic methanogenesis.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.53-61
• /
• 2013

Since the 2000s, to start inducement of SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) denitrification facility by large scale companies which are emitted large amount of nitrogen oxides such as power plants, combined heat and power plant, incinerators and chemical plants due to take effect the regulation of stationary sources of nitrogen oxide(NOx), and the total amount of discharged pollutants, such as regulatory gradually emissions regulations are being strengthened and the expanded coverage due to the use of SCR denitrification catalyst is a growing trend. Since 2010 due to the new catalysts to replace the already installed power plants and incinerators due to inactive, and catalytic denitrification SCR waste catalyst waste as a resource rather than the development of technologies for recycling situation is urgently needed. In this study, analyzed paper and patent for recycling technologies of waste catalyst. The range of search was limited in the open patents of USA (US), European Union (EP), Japan (JP), Korea (KR) and SCI journals from 1975 to 2012. Patents and journals were collected using key-words searching and filtered by filtering criteria. The trends of the patents and journals was analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.233-238
• /
• 2016

A effect of extraction methods, including stirrer extraction method (SE), ultrasonification extraction method (USE), reflux extraction method (RE), autoclave extraction (AE) and low temperature high pressure extraction (LE) method on the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of Oenothera biennis was investigated. The extraction yield (46.33%), total polyphenol (463.05 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (71.71 mg RHE/g) content of Oenothera biennis extract obtained by RE were higher than those from other extraction methods. The antimicrobial activity of Oenothera biennis extract was only observed against Bacillus cereus among other tested organisms (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium). Oenothera biennis obtained by RE showed the best DPPH radical scavenging ability (74.40%), ABTS radical scavenging ability (65.29%), reducing power (1.370 ($OD_{700}$)) and ferrous ion chelating ability (90.14%) compared with other tested extraction methods tested. The RE method was the most efficient method for extracting crude antioxidant and antimicrobial substances from Oenothera biennis. These results suggested that Oenothera biennis obtained by RE could be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.146-151
• /
• 2004

To evaluate a gamgug (Chrysanthemun indicum L.) as a new food material, its physicochemical properties were analyzed. The proximate compositions of gamgug were that the moisture content 10.51%, 9.38% for crude protein, 3.47% for lipid, 4.87% for ash, 13.12% for reduing sugar, 9.03% for crude fiber, and 0.74% for vitamin C, respectively. The essential amino acid contained in gamgug accounted for 41.42% of the total amino acid, while the non-essential amino acid accounted for 58.58%. It was shown that the fatty acid consisted of 6 different kinds, of which 22.63% for palmitic acid followed by 17.51% for linoleic acid, 12.76% for linolenic acid, 4.36% for myristic acid, 3.16% for oleic acid, and 0.61% for stearic acid, respectively. The content of minerals was that K was 847.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g which was the largest, Mg 369.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, Ca 300.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, and Na 61.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g, respectively. It was also shown that gamgug contained 45 different kinds of volatile flavor compounds, of which a docosane accounted for 9.4%, a benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methyl-benzene for 5.8%, and camphor for 5.4%, respectively.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.119-129
• /
• 2015

In this study, rice bran containing biologically active substances, including oryzanol and dietary fiber, Korean food industry was used in glutinous rice Takju(a cloudy Korean rice wine) fermentation. During fermented in rice wine, four different amounts of defatted rice bran(0, 3, 6, and 10g) were formulated in a recipe and fermentation characteristics, physicochemical properties, and sensory characteristics of product were analyzed. An increase in the amount of defatted rice bran was witnessed by heightened pH values in the fermentation period. The titratable acidity of sansung takju was increased with high levels of defatted rice bran. The titratable acidity of defatted rice bran takju during the fermentation period significantly was decreased, and then increased. FRAP radical-scavenging activity of TDT6 2.56 g/moL, compare with the control group, showed the highest reducing power. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that overall-acceptability had the highest scores in the sansung takju containing TDT3(3%) level of defatted rice bran. In conclusion, sansung takju added with TDT3(3%) of defatted rice bran is rated most prefrence in the four groups in this parts quality and acceptability.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.79-84
• /
• 2014

To investigate the plating properties of a diethylene glycol-based Ag immersion plating solution containing citric acid, silver immersion plating was performed in a range from room temperature to $50^{\circ}C$ using sputtered Cu specimens. The used Cu specimens possessed surface structure with large numbers of pinholes which were created with over-acid etching. The Ag immersion plating performed at $40^{\circ}C$ exhibited that the pinholes and copper surface were completely filled with Ag just after 5 min mainly due to galvanic displacement reaction, indicating the best plating properties. Subsequently, the surface morphology of Ag-coated Cu became rougher as the plating time increased to 30 min because of the deposition of silver nanoparticles created by chemical reduction in the solution. The specimen that its overall surface was covered with silver indicated the start of oxidation at temperature higher than around $50^{\circ}C$ in air as compared with pure Cu, indicating enhanced anti-oxidation properties.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.38 no.5 s.174
• /
• pp.513-523
• /
• 2005

The contamination of soils and groundwaters in the Dalcheon mine area, Ulsan, is investigated, and a natural attenuation capacity on redox and pH is evaluated. Arsenopyrite, the major source of arsenic pollution in the Dalcheon mine area, is contained up to $2\%$ in tailings. Furthermore, As-bearing minerals such as loellingite, nicolite, rammelsbergite, gersdorffite cobaltite and pyrite are also source of arsenic contamination, which show various concentration of arsenic each other. Surface of pyrite and arsenopyrite in tailings partly oxidized into Fe-arsenates and Fe-oxides, which means a progressive weathering process. There is no relationship between pH and arsenic content in groundwaters, otherwise Eh and arsenic concentration in unsaturated and saturated groundwater shows positive relationship. RMB (Red Mud Bauxite) could be useful as a trigger on natural attenuation due to superior ability of removal capacity of arsenic when contaminated soil and groundwater in the Dalcheon mine area are remediated.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 1994

To understand the molecular mechanism of hardening process in somatic embryo development and artificial seed germination in celery (Apium graveolens L.), the changes of protein synthesis by ABA or cold teatment at early globular stage were examined. Protein content and nitrate reductase activity in ABA- or cold-treated somatic embryo and seedlings were higher than that in unheated ones. The protein content and nitrate reductase activity were more prominent in somatic embryos than in seedlings. From two-dimensional electrophoresis, several protein spots specific to ABA or cold treatment were identified: 30 KD, 32 KD, 171 KD and 205 KD at heart-shaped stage; and 29 KD, 33 KD, 37 KD, 38 KD, 41 KD, 55 KD, 66 KD, and 110 KD at cotyledonary stage were the most specifically synthesized However the synthesis of certain polypeptides were repressed at heart-shaped or cotyledonary stage: 42 KD, 44 KD, 59 KD, 64 KD, 101 KD, 104 KD, and 190 KD at heart-shaped stage; and 29 KD and 116 KD at cotyledonary stage. The protein pattern changes by ABA or cold treatment occurred simultaneously and mainly in acid-soluble proteins during somatic embryo development and artificial seed germination. Therefore it is suggested that the metabolic changes for adaptation to environmental change occur during somatic embryo development and the germination and growth of seedling from embryo.