• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.105-114
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• 2015

This study aims 1) to identify distinctive consumer groups according to their perception of benefits and costs of Online Behavioral Advertising(OBA), 2) to explore differences among them, and 3) to investigate antecedent variables that affect the consumers' perception of OBA. Online survey data collected from 1,000 online users. The findings of this study are as follows. First, the result of cluster analysis identified four distinctive consumer groups according to the levels of perceived benefits and costs of OBA: 'Indifferent group', 'cost-centered group', 'benefit-centered group', and 'Benefit-cost balanced group'. Second, four consumer groups showed differences in their demographics, advertising related variables, privacy related variables, and technology related variables. Third, according to multinomial logistic analysis, it was found that there were different factors affecting consumers' perception of benefits and costs of OBA.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.898-903
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• 2000

배경 및 목적: 최근 비디오 흉강경술은 최소 침습적인 수술 방법으로서 자연 기흉의 일반적 치료법으로 인정되고 있으나 비교적 높은 재발율과 비용-효용 관계에 대해서는 논란이 있다. 비디오 흉강경을 이용한 기포 절제술 후의 재발율은 평균 5-10%정도로 보고되고 있으며 이는 개흉술에 비해 상당히 높은 것이다. 또한 국내 의료 실정에서의 개흉술과 비디오 흉강경술의 비용효용에 대한 비교 통계는 없는 상황이다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 1월부터 1999년 7월까지 일차성 자연기흉으로 성균관 의대 강북삼성병원 흉부외과에서 수술을 시행한 173예를 대상으로 후향적 조사하였다. 비디오 흉강경술로 시행한 104예와 개흉술로 시행한 69예를 양군으로 나누어 성별 및 연령, 발병부위, 수술의 적응증, 수술시간, 술 후 흉관 삽입기간 및 재원 일수, 술후 합병증, 재발율, 수술 경비 및 총치료경비 등을 비교하였다. 결과: 양군의 성별, 연령, 발병부위 등에는 차이가 없었다. 수술 시간은 흉강경군이 73.1$\pm$29.5분, 개흉군이 141$\pm$52분이었다.(p<0.05). 술 후 평균 흉관의 거치기간 및 재원일수는 흉강경군이 각각 3.93일 및 7.5일, 개흉군이 7.0일 및 13.4일이었다.(P<0.05, P<0.05). 술 후 재발한 경우가 비디오 흉강경군에서 6예(5.6%), 개흉군에서 1예(1.4%) 있었다(P<0.05). 본원에서 시행한 비디오 흉강경술과 개흉술의 비교에서 수술로 발생하는 비용은 비디오 흉강경군이 유의하게 높았으나 (1,202,192$\pm$178,992원, 1,005,669$\pm$311,531원; P<0.05) 총 치료비의 비교에서는 유의한 차이가 없었다.(1,946,110$\pm$487,440원, 1,793,912$\pm$308,079원; P=0.18). 결론: 비용 효용관계 및 재발율은 병원마다의 수술 수기 및 퇴원 정책등에 따라서 다소간의 차이가 있을 수 있으나 본원의 조사 결과에서는 비디오 흉강경술이 개흉술에 비해 비용-효과가 있다고 볼 수 없으며 재발율도 높았다.

• 물만먹고자라요
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• no.17
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• pp.70-73
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• 2005

'블루오션' 전략의 핵심은 '가치혁신'에 있다. 가치혁신은 기업이 고객을 위한 효용과 가격, 비용편익을 혁신과 일치시킬 때 발생하며 이를 달성한 기업들은 차별화와 비용절감을 동시에 추구한다.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2010

Although the subject of sprinkler installations in Korean regulations is less strict than in other advanced countries, many building owners and managers tend to install sprinklers only in the types of buildings designated by law or create building designs for which sprinkler installation standards are not applied. This is because priority is given to cutting installation expenses rather than providing building fire safety. In this study, the benefit is estimated for various expenses from installation and maintenance of sprinklers as an investment. As a result of comparing sprinkler system installation expense and the financial benefit by efficiency analysis, the payback period is 1/20 of the building life expectancy and its efficiency is twice the expense. Therefore, installation of sprinklers by regulation has financial efficiency and it is desirable to broadly encourage the installation of sprinklers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.209-231
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• 2007

This paper suggested an approach to characterize travel choice behaviors using the implicit price instead of the indirect utility. The choice criterion to compare the implicit prices of available trip options was developed from the utility maximization problem of a trip maker which is supposed to choose the best option from the available ones differentiated by only by the quantitative attributes such as travel cost and time but also by qualitative attributes such as comfort and safety. The utility maximization problem is constructed under household production theory, and is incorporated with a special kind of joint homogeneous production functions. The implicit price of a certain trip option is the sum of the monetary price and the multiple of travel time and the value-of-travel-time, and the value-of-travel-time refers to the portion of wage, which can be assignable to the trip-making activity. This choice criterion is statistically identifiable, and behaviorally plausible. Moreover, this criterion has the expression simpler than the indirect utility, and therefore could be an effective target of the statistical estimation for travel choice behaviors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.489-499
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting piracy of online digital contents, focusing on relative awareness of illegal duplications, compared to legal duplication. To do this, the current study integrates factors proposed in existing literature and the previous studies based on the theory of planned behavior and accesses them from cost-benefit point of view. Main findings are summarized as followed;- First, with regard to relative benefits gained by illegal duplication, it is shown that monetary and psychological utility have positive effects on attitudes and behaviors of illegal duplication. Particularly, it is found that monetary incentive is the main cause of illegal duplication as monetary gains are major factors affecting illegal duplication behaviors. Second, it is suggested that ethical cost is a definitive factor that has negative effects on illegal duplication behaviors while technological cost has also significant effects on illegal duplication behaviors. Third, it is confirmed that there is a significant relationship between attitudes and behaviors of illegal duplication. This result shows that an attitude to illegal duplication is antecedent of behaviors as the belief and the value regarding illegal duplication can lead actual behaviors.

• Proceedings of the KOR-KST Conference
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• 1998.10b
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• pp.261-261
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• 1998

교통계획의 목적은 교통체계를 분석하여 교통과 활동간의 상호작용을 효율화시켜 도시 및 지역사회의 목표를 달성하는데 있으며, 합리적인 교통계획을 수립하여 한정된 투자재원을 효율적으로 배분하기 위해서는 교통수요에 대한 합리적 접근이 필요하다. 교통수요예측의 접근방법은 미시적인 개별적 접근방법과 거시적인 집단적 접근방법으로 구분되며, 다시 모형화 기법이 결정적인가 확률적인가에 따라 개별결정적, 개별활률적, 그리고 집단결정적, 집단확률적 모형의 4가지로 구분될 수 있다. 이 중에서 일반적으로 관심의 대상이 되는 2가지 형태는 집단결정적, 개발확률적 모형이다. 집단결정적모형은 전통적 교통수요예측모형에 해당되며, 개별확률적모형은 1970년대 Mc Fadden을 시작으로 Ben-Akiva, Manheim을 중심으로 한 소비자 행동선택 이론에 근거한 개별행태모형이 이에 해당된다. 개별행태모형은 개개인의 통행행태를 다른 모든 조건이 동일할 때 개개인은 비용의 최소화를 추구하고, 비용과 관련한 통행행태는 거시적 수준에서의 주어진 제약 조건과 관계가 있으며, 의사결정은 확률분포에 의해서 결정되는 효용원칙(Efficiency Principle)에 입각하여 해석한다. 도시내와 도시간, 취업자와 비취업자, 출퇴근 시, 목적별 등의 여러 가지 통행에 있어서 다양한 변수들을 사용하여 교통수단 선택모형의 파라메카 값을 추정하고 통행패턴을 분석해 왔다. 본 논문에서는 개별행태모형인 로짓모형 중에서 집단다항로짓모형을 이용하여 여러 통행 중 공항시설의 접근에 필요한 교통수단 효용함수의 파라메타 값 추정 시, 일반적으로 사용되는 통행시간, 통행비용이라는 변수를 공통으로 두고, 대중교통의 경우에만 해당하는 환승이라는 특정대안변수(Specific alternative variable)를 첨가하여 그것이 수단선택에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 또한, 대중교통의 속성을 가지고 있는 지하철과 버스를 하나의 대안으로 묶어서 효용함수를 구한 다음 다시 승용차, 택시, 대중교통을 독립된 대안으로 두고 모형을 정립하는 NESTED LOGIT모형으로 파라메타를 추정하여 대중교통의 효용에 관해 분석·비교하였다. 본 논문에 이용된 자료는 공항을 이용하는 이용객들을 대상으로 직접 설문·면접조사한 자료이며 대상 교통수단은 승용차, 택시, 지하철, 버스로 설정하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.11
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• pp.1249-1259
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• 2009

Purpose:From a societal perspective, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of a novel sustained-release injection of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) administered on a weekly basis compared with that of the present daily GH injection for the treatment of children with GH deficiency. Methods:Health-related utility for GH therapy was measured based on the visual analogue scale. During July 2008, caregivers of 149 children receiving GH therapy form 2 study sites participated in a web-based questionnaire survey. The survey required the caregivers to rate their current subjective utility with daily GH injections or expected utility of weekly GH injections. Because there was no difference in the costs of the daily and weekly therapies, for the purposes of this study, only drug acquisition costs were considered. Results:Switching from daily to weekly injection of GH increased the utility from 0.584 to 0.784 and incurred an extra cost of 4,060,811 Korean won (KW) per year. The incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) for a base case was 20,305,055 KW per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Scenario analyses showed that the ICUR ranged from 15,751,198 to 25,489,929 KW per QALY. Conclusion:The ICUR for a base case and worst case scenario analyses ranged from 0.85 to 1.37-times per capita gross domestic product of Korea, which is considered to be within the generally accepted willingness-to-pay threshold. Thus, it is concluded that switching from daily to weekly injection of GH would be cost-effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2019

Recently, in the space market, there has been a rapid reduction of the launch price. The major reason is that a few commercial companies, especially SpaceX, began to enter into the space market about ten years ago, which has changed the space market from monopolization to competition, and accelerated the adoption of commercial efficiency in the technology and management. Also, the successful landing and recovery of a first stage in 2016 by SpaceX proved to be a prelude to opening a new era of reusable launch vehicles, and SpaceX declared the groundbreaking launch price through using the reusable launch vehicle. This study calculates the total launch cost required to put a certain satellite into the LEO, compares the launch cost in three cases with different payload weights, and reviews the impacts of the payload on the cost effectiveness of a reusable vehicle. The total launch cost is divided into 6 subsections cost, namely development cost, production cost, refurbishment cost, operation cost, fixed-cost of factory and launch site, and insurance cost. The cost estimation relationships used in the calculation are taken from the commonly proven cost models such as TRANSCOST.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-90
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• 2003

In this paper we have shown that a Pigouvian tax is an adequate resolution of congestion externality to attain Pareto optimality using utility maximization. For this objective, taking an open access freeway as an example, we not only derived both marginal private benefit and marginal social benefit, but also assessed the divergence between marginal private benefit and marginal social benefit. As a result, we identified that the amount of a Pigouvian tax should be the same amount as the external time cost, which is the value of the marginal time cost to Individual a incurred by Individual b through freeway congestion. This Pigouvian tax coincides with the profit or wealth maximizing toll suggested by literature on the basis of profit maximization. In addition, because an open access freeway is accounted as common property resource, we proved that average social congestion cost is essentially equal to marginal private congestion cost in our model. Finally, we showed that the optimal value of trip derived in our model is the same as that generated on profit maximization approach.