• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2013

This study was conducted to clarify effects of weed control methods on damages from agricultural chemicals of pear trees, growth of weeds and states of pear trees after treating pear orchards with different methods of weed controlling, density of GLU and application times. The growth and occupation rate were investigated after 10, 20 and 40 days of weeding treatment. According to a result of the first treatment conducted when weeds in the lower parts of crown in a pear orchard began to grow and grew about 20 cm, unwoven cloth covering showed the highest control value with 100% in all 14 kinds of grasses. In comparison, Stellaria aquatica and catchweed bedstraw showed 96.7% and 97.3% respectively in the 20 DAT investigate after the first treatment of GLU 540 g a.i. ha-1 and the high control value of 100% in other all kinds of grasses. According to an investigation of stalk enlargement, length of new shoot and the number of new shoot made to know differences in tree growth following treatment of the lower part of crown, to use weed killers two or three times a year or to eliminate grasses with machines have positive effects on cross growth of pear trees.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.390-399
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to introduce PAT (phosphinothricin acetyltransferase, non-selective herbicide bialaphos resistant gene) gene into potato (Solanum tuberosum. cv. Desiree). Optimal shoot regeneration from leaf discs and stem segments was obtained in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L IBA and 0.5 mg/L BA, and the frequency of shoot regeneration was 54% in left discs and 46% in stem segments. In this condition, leaf discs and stem segments of potato were co-cultivated with A. tumefaciens MP90 which contained binary vector with GUS: :NPTII gene and PAT gene. Transgenic shoots were regenerated from leaf and stem-derived calli on selection medium with 100mg/L kanamycin. The 100${\mu}M$ acetosyringone treatment during the co-cultivation highly enhanced(4 times than the control) the shoot regeneration on selection medium. When the putative transgenic plants were transferred to medium with 10mg/L basta, all of them were survived. After PCR. GUS test, and Southern blot analysis of the survived plant, we confirmed that the gene was stably integrated into the potato genome and expressed. After the transgenic plants were transplanted in soil, and the transgenic plants were sprayed with the herbicide basta (300ml/10a), the transgenic plants remained green but control plants were died.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

Weed management under organic farming systems is very problematic since organic agriculture does not allow synthetic herbicides. Bioherbicide is needed to develop for weed management in organic agriculture systems. This review covers current status and perspectives of bioherbicide development for effective nonchemical weed management in organic farming systems. Bioherbicides are products of natural origin derived from living organisms, and more specifically bacteria, fungus and plants including natural metabolites for weed control. Bioherbicides derived from microorganisms or natural molecules are currently available on the pesticide markets. Devine, Lockdown (Collego), BioMal, Camperico, Organo-Sol and Opportune were derived from bacteria, Woad Warrior, Smolder, Mygogen, Chontrol Paste, Starritor and Phoma derived from fungus, and Katoun (pelargonic acid) and Beloukha were derived from plants. Corn gluten meal products and plant essential oils products are also available for nonselective weed control in organic agriculture. Organic weed management methods may be more feasible in small scale farming and high-value crops, and bioherbicides may be applied with other weed control practices in organic farming systems.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Herbicidal effect of KSC-35089, a newly synthesized N-arylphthalimide compound, was examined, and its interaction with quizalofop-P-ethyl when foliar applied as a tank-mixture was evaluated under a greenhouse condition. KSC-35089 showed stronger herbicidal activity on broadleaves than grasses, suggesting that it would be an appropriate partner for non-selective weed control with quizalofop-P-ethyl, a strong grasskilling ageant. In general, the interaction between KSC-35089 and quizalofop-P-ethyl appeared to be additive, which indicates each compound acts on whole plant level independently. This additive interaction was confirmed in a spectrum test using 19 grasses and 26 broadleaves. Under the greenhouse condition, all tested plants were controlled around 90% level through a foliar application with a tank-mixture of KSC-35089 at 64 g ai/ha and quizalofop-P-ethyl at 32 g ai/ha. Further study would be required on the action mechanism of this additive interaction.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.454-459
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the phytotoxic reaction and the impact on the growth of apple fruit included the yield amount by misuse of non-selective herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium in apple field and for the study, 4 cultivars of apple were tested. The results showed that the highest phytotoxic degree was observed on Sansa-cultivar and then the degree was diminished on Tsugaru, Hongro and Fuji in order in the application year. In one year after application, the highest phytotoxic degree was showed on Fuji and then diminished on Tsugaru, Hongro and Sansa in order. However, in one year after application, the phytotoxic symptom was negligible in comparison with the degree in the year of application and the flowering and fruiting were reduced 30% only in Fuji, but in the other cultivars, the phytotoxic symptoms were not observed. Meanwhile, the residue of glufosinate-ammonium was below the detection limit as 0.04ppm in all tested cultivars and in 2years after application, the phytotoxic symptom was not observed in all cultivars of the apple.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.564-570
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• 1997

Field experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of different residue treatment of vetch sward on soil improvement, rice growth and grain yield from 1995 to 1996. With Chinese milkvetch, pH, Ca, and Mg of paddy soil were increased in subsoil(10~20cm soil depth), and organic matter, P$_2$ $O_{5}$, and K were increased in top soil (0~10cm soil depth). Redox potential of the paddy soil with milkvetch residue was severely reduced at earlier flooding period, and recovered gradually as rice growth continued. Weeds were more abundant in the paddy with unchanged vetch stand. The most dominant weed species in the paddy soil with vetch sward residue was Echinochloa crus-galli, followed by Leersia japonica, Polygonum hydropiper in the order of abundance. Seedling establishment ratio of rice directly sown over vetch-sward was lower than in conventional tillage paddy(no-vetch, tilled) condition. Rice growth pattern, however, was not significantly affected by vetch sward treatments. The number of tillers per square meter and plant height at heading date were not significantly different among the vetch-sward treatments. Grain yield was the highest in plough of vetch vegetation, followed by conventional (no-vetch, tilled), live-mulching of vetch, vetch-removed, and vetch-desiccated by weedcide. The whole grain rice yield was the lowest in vetch-desiccated by weedcide.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of herbicidin, new natural herbicidal substances, derived from soil actinomycetes Streptomyces scopuliridis. Several weed species were subjected to examine the germination inhibition and herbicidal activity at the concentration from 100 to 2,000 ppm. There was no selectivity in germination inhibition and herbicidal activity against crops. Germination of Echinochloa oryzoides, Digitaria ciliaris, Abutilon theophrasti and Amaranthus retroflexus was inhibited completely when 7.81 ppm of extract was treated in petri dish. Pre-emergence application of herbicidin in soil condition showed low inhibition against weeds. However, post application of herbicidin in green house resulted in the necrosis of weeds at the concentration of 2,000 ppm. A. retroflexus was sensitive to herbicidin at the low concentration of 62.5 ppm, whereas E. oryzoides was tolerant to lower concentration of herbicidin until it became withered at the concentration of 2,000 ppm. In conclusion, herbicidal substances derived from S. scopuliridis herbicidin, which is consisted with herbicidin A and B, have dominant effect on germination and growth inhibition. On the other hand, herbicidin was insufficient to control gramineous weeds. In future, it will be needed to develop the combination of herbicidin with other herbicide or compounds to control gramineous weeds as well.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1997

Among 980 fungal strains isolated from the lesions of Trifolium repens L. and various weeds, three Penicillium sp. F40362, F40496, F40497 were selected by the first selection test and a pathogenicity test. The spores of these strains germinated readily 90 to 100% and readily infected the respective plant. The wheat bran-corn starch formulation of F40362 strain showed 100% mycoherbicidal activity against clover plant at $4{\times}10^8$ spores/pot. The same formulations of F40496 and F40497 strains showed 100% mycoherbicidal activity against clover plant at $12{\times}10^8{\sim}4{\times}10^8$ spores/pot. The same formulations of tee strains showed over 30% mycoherbicidal activity against Leguminosae plants. This method of pelletiation was potentially useful for the production of inoculum formulation as mycoherbicides and it was effective enough to treat $2{\sim}2.5\;g$ formulation($4.5{\times}10^7\;spores/mg$) to a $350\;cm^2$ pot. The three strains, F40362, F40496 and F40497 have selective mycoherbicidal activity between Trifolium repens L. and Zoysia japonica and nonselective mycoherbicidal activities against some other crop plants and weeds.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2013

With increasing environmental issues from synthetic chemical herbicides, microbe-originated herbicides could be a fascinating alternative in current agriculture. We isolated Streptomyces strains that produced herbicidal active metabolite(s) against a grass weed Digitaria sanguinalis. According to the result from 16S rDNA sequence comparison with the close strains, the best isolate (Code name MS-80673) was identified as Streptomyces scopuliridis KR-001. The closest type strain was Streptomyces scopuliridis RB72 which was previously reported as a bacteriocin producer. The optimal culture condition of S. scopuliridis KR-001 was $28^{\circ}C$, pH 7.0 and culture period 4 to7 days. Both of soil and foliar application of the crude culture broth concentrate was effective on several troublesome or noxious weed species such as a Sciyos angulatus in a greenhouse and field condition. Phytotoxic symptoms of the culture broth concentrate of S. scopuliridis KR-001 by foliar application were wilting and burndown of leaves, and stems followed by discoloration and finally plant death. In crops such as rice, wheat, barley, hot pepper and tomato, growth inhibition was observed. These results suggest that the new S. scopuliridis KR-001 strain producing herbicidal metabolites may be a new bio-herbicide candidate and/or may provide a new lead molecule for a more efficient herbicide.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2018

목적 글루포시네이트암모늄은 비선택성 제초제로 1984년 일본에서 개발되었으며, 급성 중독시에는 위장관계 증상뿐만 아니라 의식변화, 경련, 호흡부전 및 기억소실 등과 같은 다양한 임상증상을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 한국에는 1994년 소개된 이후로 널리 사용되고 있으며, 사용량의 증가와함께 음독환자가 점점 증가하여 사회적 문제가 되고 있다. 저자들은 최근 글로포시네이트 중독 환자에서 초기치료 후 지연성 악화를 보였던 2례를 문헌고찰과 함께 보고하고자 한다. 방법 및 결과 첫 번째 증례는 62세의 남자환자로 음주상태에서 글루포시네이트암모늄 음독 후 의식 저하 상태로 발견되어 응급실로 이송되었다. 응급 위세척을 시행 후 보존적 치료 및 집중모니터링을 유지하였고, 의식수준은 6시간 후에 거의 명료한 상태로 호전되었다. 지연성 악화의 가능성에 대해설명하고 지속적인 경과관찰 및 치료를 위해 집중치료실 입원이 필요함에 대해 설명하였으나, 환자와 보호자는 타상급병원으로의 전원을 원하였다. 환자는 이송 중에 발생한 심폐정지로 심폐소생술을 시행하였으나, 회복되지 못하고 사망하였다. 두 번째 증례는 54세의 남자 환자로 글루포시네이트암모늄 음독 후 발생한 의식 변화로 응급실로 이송되었다. 내원시 의식은 혼미한 상태였으며 앞의 증례와 같이 응급 위세척을 시행하였다. 본 환자는 초기치료 후 본원 집중치료실에서 지속적인 혈액 및 생화학적 검사를 시행하였으며, 집중모니터링 및 치료를 유지하였다. 입원 2일째 혈액검사 소견은 호전 중이었으나, 경련이 발생하였으며 의식은 혼미한 상태가 지속되었다. 신경과 협진하여 뇌파검사를 시행 후 항경련제를 증량한 후로 경련은 발생하지 않았다. 입원 7일째에는 의식 수준은 거의 명료한 상태까지 호전되었다. 입원 13일째 혈액 및 생화학검사에서 약간의 혈색소 감소 외에는 정상소견을 보였으며, 뚜렷한 신경학적 합병증 없이 퇴원하였다. 결론 급성 글루포시네이트중독 환자는 매우 다양한 임상증상을 보이며 초기치료 후에 상태가 안정적이더라도 지연성으로 임상적 또는 신경학적 악화가 발생할 가능성이 있으므로 치료에 유의하여야 한다.