• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.37-40
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• 2005

In order to find out better cultivation practices in mid-mountainous area to produce high quality rice, an experiment involving seven nitrogen fertilizer rates and three varieties was carried out, during past two years$(2003\~2004)$. There was an interaction effect on palatability of milled rice between nitrogen fertilizer rate and variety. The palatability of Junambyeo grown by the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer yale wasn't different across the rates significantly, but Hwayongbyeo's palatability grown by 0 kg/ha nitrogen treatment was better than 50, 70,170 kg/ha, and Sangmibyeo's palatability grown by 70 kg/ha nitrogen treatment was better than 90, 110, 140, 170 kg/ha. Amylose content of milled rice was showed without a significant difference between nitrogen fertilizer rate, but in between variety, the amylose content of Sangmibyeo was lower than Hwayongbyeo's, also Hwayongbyeo's amylose content was lower than Junambyeo's. Protein content of milled rice was showed an interaction effect between nitrogen fertilizer rate and variety. The protein content of Hwayongbyeo and Junambyeo grown by the treatment of nitrogen fertilizer rate wasn't different across the fertilizer yale significantly, but Sangmibyeo's protein content grown by 0 kg/ha nitrogen treatment was lower than the rest of treatments, and it's protein content grown by 50, 70, 90 and 110 kg/ha nitrogen treatment was lower than 140 and 170 kg/ha. Bead rice yield of milled rice grown by lower nitrogen fertilizer rate, was lower than that grown by higher nitrogen fertilizer rate. In a conclusion gathering all above the results to produce high quality rice in Mid-mountainous area, the applicative nitrogen fertilizer rate was 70 kg per ha for Sangmibyeo, 110 kg/ha for Hwayongbyeo and 140 kg/ha for Junambyeo, in considering with head rice yield, palatability, amylose${\cdot}$protein content and productivity.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.212-216
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Green manure and graminaceousmanure crops have several benefits, such as improving soil physical and chemical properties and utilizing excessive greenhouse nutrients that they have a potential to be a water pollutant source. METHODS AND RESULTS: The objective of this study was to investigate nitrogen (N) supplying capabilities of green manure and graminaceous manure crops for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. For this two leguminous manures (Crotalaria juncea (Cr.) and Sesbaniaexaltata (Se.)) and two graminaceous manures (Sorghum bicolor; Haussolgo(Ha.) and Sudangrass (Sg.)) in the greenhouse were grown, cut, and incorporated into the greenhouse soil before planting. Chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate was estimated based on N recommendation for lettuce and Chinese cabbage. 100% of the N recommended rates (1N) were 70 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for lettuce and 60 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for Chinese cabbage and 50% of the N recommendation rates (0.5N) were 35 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for lettuce and 30 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for Chinese cabbage. Nitrogen treatments were control (0N), Cr., Se., Cr + 0.5 N, Se + 0.5 N, Ha + 0.5 N, Sg + 0.5 N, and N recommendation rate (1N). Incorporated N from green manure and graminaceous manure crops were 130, 116, 93, and 87 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for Cr., Se., Ha., and Sg., respectively. Lettuce and Chinese cabbage were grown after incorporated green manure crops into the greenhouse soil. There was no significant difference in lettuce and Chinese cabbage yields under N treatments except control (0 kg/ha). Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)was from 44% to 73% and the highest NUE was under Se. treatment. Although yields were not statistically different under N treatments except control, actual yield increase ranged from 170 to 1,100 kg/ha for lettuce and ranged from 2,770 to 5,210 kg/ha for Chinese cabbage compared to yield under N recommendation rate. Estimated economic benefit from this would be higher approximately between \2,770,000 and \5,210,000/ha under N treatments except control than the N recommendation rate. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that incorporating green manure crops, such as Cr. and SeSe. into soil or adding 0.5 N after incorporation of them can be beneficial in many ways in that it increases economic return because of yield increase, reduces the use of chemical N, and decreases the negative environmental impact on water quality because excessive N in the greenhouse soil can be used by green manure crops during the fallow.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 1994

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of applying time of cattle slurry and fertilizing added mineral nitrogen on dry matter yield of orchardgrass and also to estimate proper levels of fertilizing nitrogen when idled arable land rapidly increased these days, which was used for the production of Orchardgrass. The results were as follows. 1. The annual yields of dry matter were produced 5.62~6.67 ton per ha when cattle slurry applied at rates of $30m^3$(average mineral fertilizer equivalent to 120kg) per ha in different dressing times. Those were higher 0.60~1.65 ton or 0.16 ton per ha than the yields from non-fertilizing or phosphrous and potassium fertilizing. 2. Relative yields of annual dry matter from mineral nitrogen fertilization of 120kg per ha were 142~146% in comparsion with control plots(cattle slurry plot or phosphrous and potassium plot). On the other hand, those of cattle slurry application were 112~133% in comparion with non-fertilizing plot. 3. The efficiencies of nitrogen on dry matter yield(kg DM/kg N) were 5.0~13.8 DM kg/N kg when cattle slurry applied to Orchardgrass at rates of $30m^3$(average mineral fertilizer equivalent to 120kg) per ha, and were 21.3~23.1kg DM/kg N at the same level fertilization of mineral nitrogen. 4. On the condition of this study, mineral nitrogen were fertilized after applying cattle slurry at rates of $30m^3$(average mineral fertilizer equivalent to 120kg) per ha in order to minimize chemical fertilizer and increase the potential production of Orchardgrass. At this situation, marginal dry matter yields of 8.48~8.63 ton per ha were obtained as the level of economic even point goint when mineral nitrogen fertilization is between 119.4 and 133.3kg per ha. It was possible to obtain the maximal dry matter yield(8.98 tons/ha) with fertilization of 202.8kg N/ha.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2012

This study was conducted to estimate Hanwoo carrying capacity when whole crop barley or rye as winter forage crops was grown on different applying sources (chemical fertilizer, cattle or organic fertilizer) and mixed sowing combination with hairy vetch or forage pea during the period of 2008~2010. The experimental plots within whole crop barley or rye were consisted of 7 treatments, which were non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (P+K), chemical fertilizer (N+P+K), organic fertilizer, cattle slurry, cattle slurry with hairy vetch, and cattle slurry with forage pea. Each plot was triplicates and experimental treatments were allocated in the randomized complete block design. For whole crop barley, annual mean dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yields were the highest in N+P+K plots, but there were no significant differences among organic fertilizer, cattle slurry and mixed sowing with legumes. The TDN and RFV were the highest in mixed sowing plots of forage pea plus cattle slurry application. As 450 kg Hanwoo heifers were fed diets included 70% whole crop barley, organic fertilizer, cattle slurry application and mixed sowing with legumes plots is capable of raising average 2.5 to 2.9 heads/ha a year. For whole crop rye, annual DM, crude protein, and TDN yields of application groups and mixed sowing treatment with legumes showed 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 and 3.95~4.18 ton/ha, respectively. In case of 450 kg Hanwoo heifers fed diets included 70% forage rye, it is estimated that cattle slurry application (mixed sowing with legumes) plots can rear average 3.1~3.3 heads/ha a year. It can be concluded that, on the basis of DM yield, not only mixed sowing with legumes by applying cattle slurry rather than single sowing of whole crop barley or whole crop rye enhanced production yield and feed values, but also it could be a substitute for imported grains as dietary protein sources in the case of feeding Hanwoo.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 1986

The population and kinds of algae causing the waterbloom on the rice seedling bed and the damage of young rice plant by the nuisance green phytoplanktonic algae in rice field were studied to find out the efficiency of fertilizers and the effect of methods of fertilizers application in the rice field, laboratory, pot and green house. pot and green house. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. In the rice seedling bed, the kinds of algae causing waterblooms were identified mainly photosynthetic bluegreen algae as the Anabaena, Ulothrix and Oscillatoria spp. in reclaimed saline soil. Micromonospora, Oscillatoria, and Chlamydomonas spp. were habitated mainly in plain. Whereas, Spyrogyra, Oscillatoria and Navicula spp. were identified mainly in mauntainous area. 2. In the rice field, the nuisance phytoplanktonic green algae were identified mainly Scenedesmus, Chlamidospora, and Micromonospora spp. in Gimjae plain, in Namweon mountainous area and Gangjin costal plain, respectively. 3. The algal biomass has been havily habitated in which rice field were constituted with high pH value and high concentration of $NH^+_4-N$ and $NO^-_3-N$ in surface water and in soil with the optimum temperature for the algal growth ($22-30^{\circ}C$). 4. In the laboratory experiment, maximum algal biomass were obtained at levels of 80 ppm for the nitrogen and 20 ppm for the phosphorus. And were obtained of the levels of 40 ppm in the case of joint application of N and $P_2O_5$. 5. From the pot experiment, compare of the control plot, an addition of nitrogen alone or nitrogen+phosphorus enhanced algal biomass while the phosphorus alone did not. 6. Surface application of fertilizer was remarkably increased of algal biomass than did the whole layer or deep layer application.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.101-115
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• 2001

Nitrogen applied as fertilizer for crop production is partly absorbed by plant , and the remaining nitrogen in soil might be leached out through complicated processes to the subsoil layer Especially, NO$_3$-N in leachate causes environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was focused on understanding of uptake of nutrients by plants, the behaviors of nutrients in soil and the possibility of leaching loss when nitrogen fertilizer and completely decomposed compost were applied. Lysimeters(Volume 0.15㎥, Diameter 62cm, Height 62.8cm) were installed for collecting leachate in the Jeju volcanic ash soils. Lysimeter study consisted of thirteen treatments : fallow, fallow with weeding, cropping without fertilizer and compost, three N fertilizer soil surface applications(16, 32, 64kg/10a), three N fertilizer and compost soil surface applications(16+800, 32+1600, 64+32kg/10a), two water dissolved N fertilizer applications(16, 32kg/10a), and low and high plant densities. N fertilizer was applied as urea. The growth of com(preceding crop) and potatoes(succeeding crop) and leaching loss were determined during the experimental period. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; With Increased N, pH of leachate tended to decrease and NO$_3$-N concentration of leachate increased. NO$_3$-N leaching loss was remarkably greater in soil from the bare plot without fertilization and the weed control than from plots with medium N rate and was least in the cropping plot without fertilization. NO$_3$-N concentration in leachates from the water dissolved N fertilizer application plots was 64% of that from the soil surface application plots. The concentration of Ca and K ions and the leaching loss of these ions were least from the cropping plot without fertilization and were greatest from bare plots(T1 and T2) without fertilization. The proportion of leaching and residual N in soil increased as N rate increased indicting that higher N rates increase the possibility of N leaching to subsoil layer The proportion of N leaching losses was lower at the low N rate and the high plant density. In future, fertilization prescription which can maximize fertilizer use efficiency and minimize the pollution of ground water will be needed for conserving the environments.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

Scutellaria baicalensis G. was cultivated in plots of different soil textures which were sand loam(SL), loam(L) and clay loam(CL). Also three fertilizer conditions were used; non application (NA)treatment, rice straw manure(RSM) treatment and N-P-K, chemical fertilization(CF) treatment. The chemical-physical properties, such as organic matter, available phosphate, $K_2O$, CaO, clay contents and porosity ratio in CL plot with RSM application were the most proper in CL plot and RSM application for the culture of S. baicalensis plants. RSM had very high contents of total nitrogen, 2.25% and C/N ratios, 21.4. Thus the growth of shoot and root in loam plot with RSM treatment were greater compared to that of CL plot with NA treatment. Whereas, The highest baicalin, baicalein and wogonin contents in roots were found in CL plot with RSM treatment. There was significantly positive correlation between aerial and underground parts of plant, yield and contents of T-N, $K_2O$ but negatively correlated with the contents of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in S. baicalensis roots.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2011

To use barley as a green manure crop, this study has been conducted in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do to establish the barley green manure (BGM)-rice cropping system with emphasis on soil incorporation date and BGM density. The nitrogen (N) contents of rye and barley, grass green manure crops, were 1.4~2.4% at early growth stage and decreased rapidly to 0.6~1.0% at late growth stage. The biomass of barley was 449 kg/l0a at heading stage (HS) and increased to 421 kg/10a at 10 days after heading stage (DAH), 473 kg/10a at 20 DAH. C/N ratio of BGM was the lowest 26.3 at HS. The N contents of BGM was in the range of 0.9~1.5%, the highest at HS and gradually decreased, and the output of N were 4.3-6.3 kg/10a. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of BGM showed the highest level at 10 DAH. Culm length of rice was relatively longer as the BGM application time was delayed. The application of BGM into soil increased plant height of rice by 7.2~7.7 em as compared to the plants treated with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate. but panicle length of rice showed a similar tendency in both the soil-applied of BGM and commercial fertilizer. N contents of unhulled rice was the highest at HS of BGM and followed by 10 DAH of BGM and 20 DAH of BGM. This trend could also be seen in rice straw. The yield of rice in the soil-applied of BGM was 10~15% lower than in the soil-applied of commercial fertilizer. Based on this study, application of BGM made it possible to save 30~50% of application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for following crops.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 1999

Of all the nutrients in liquid manure, N has the greatest potential both for the environment and for increasing forage yields. This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of different types and N rates of liquid manure on mineral content and nitrate-N of oats(Avena sativa L.), soil chemical characteristics in Suweon. Seven treatments consisting of chemical fertilizer $120kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, liquid cattle manure 120, 240 and $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, liquid swine manure 120, 240 and $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Compared with the plot of chemical fertilizer, increasing liquid manure N rates increased mineral contents of oats. Nitrate-N contents of oats were ranged from 1,881 to $2,605mg\;kg^{-1}$ in all treatments, which was orderly ranked as chemical fertilizer>liquid cattle manure $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$> liquid swine manure $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. Contents of exchangeable cation of the soil were appeared to be higher with increasing liquid manure N rates. Amount of total-N and inorganic-N in soil affected by increasing liquid manure N rates, and there was the highest at liquid swine manure $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ among the treatments. Nitrate-N concentration in infiltration water was not remarkably variable during the experimental period. Based on the results of this experiment, it is suggested that the amount of nitrogen in soil was orderly ranked as liquid swine manure $360kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, followed by liquid swine manure $240kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.3
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• pp.271-280
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• 2020

This study compared soil CO₂ efflux rates after fertilization, in Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands. Compound fertilizers were applied to the forest floor in March 2016, following a one-year calibration period (from March 2015 to February 2016). In situ soil CO₂ efflux rates were measured every month during the two-year study periods, using an infrared gas analyzer with a closed chamber system. Mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates were higher following fertilizer application in the P. densiflora and Q. variabilis stands (P. densiflora: 2.180 μmol m^-2 s^-1; Q. variabilis: 1.977 μmol m^-2 s^-1) as compared with the rates measured during the calibration period (P. densiflora: 1.620 μmol m^-2 s^-1; Q. variabilis: 1.557 μmol m^-2 s^-1). The mean annual soil CO₂ efflux rates in the unfertilized treatments of both stands were not significantly different between the two-year study periods. The Q₁₀ values of fertilized treatments in Q. variabilis stands were higher in the fertilization period (3.41) than in the calibration period (3.14), whereas the Q₁₀ values in P. densiflora stands did not change between the fertilization and calibration periods. The Q₁₀ values of unfertilized treatments in the Q. variabilis stands were lower during the 2016-2017 period (3.69), than in the 2015-2016 period (3.85), whereas the Q₁₀ values in P. densiflora stands were higher during the 2016-2017 period (3.65), than in the 2015-2016 period (3.15). These results indicate that the increase in soil CO₂ efflux rates in P. densiflora stands could be more sensitive to fertilization compared with the rates in Q. variabilis stands.