• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.12-26
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• 2014

This study has researched the forms of arrangement and use of the oddly shaped stones which were used at palaces during Joseon Dynasty based on arrangements of stones as shown in Donggwoldo(東闕圖), and tried to identify its special features. The sorts of stone's arrangements which set formal patterns by assisting an axis in Donggwoldo can be classified as the single type using one stone, the symmetrical type using 2 stones symmetrically and the parallel type using 3 or more stones. The single type was used to endow a focal point and to accent centrality by arranging a stone on the axis performed from formal shaped buildings. The symmetrical type was used to show order and hierarchy by placing two odd-shaped stones on either side of a building. And the parallel type which is arranged three stones side by side, is put a middle stone on the central axis line to determine strong directional and frontality. Also similarity to method of arrangement of stones can be found from planting trees in a prominent way for scenery or planting trees symmetrically. Stones and trees can be chosen according to nature and scale of places and basically their effects of formation of axis and creating typical space is same. Based on these respect, the characteristics of arrangement of stones shown in Donggwoldo can be briefly summarized as follows. First, the oddly shaped stones were used by creating a centripetal space in order to show a grade of rank. Second, the distances among stones could be adjusted to the sizes of the architecture which was at the center. The aim was to provide stability through the balanced composition between the central axis and symmetrical structures. Third, the form of regularity was added by using stone vase in consideration of irregular shape of stone causing interference in forming regular symmetry. Fourth, a centrality was emphasized by adding change to central stones in the parallel type used 3 erect stones. Fifth, the sizes of stone were limited in order to make smooth for the mix and adjustment of its position with the types of other garden ornaments, so the oddly shaped stones in palace have portability. Sixth, the oddly shaped stones in palace which were appreciated as inspirational object basically were a sculpture of the same quality with suiseki (壽石), and the appreciative method, the composition and shape had developed in the same texture. Finally, the even number of stones by parallel type were arranged by equal partition. But odd number of stones followed the method with symmetrical arrangement on its center stone. These principles of stone arrangement are judged as distinguishing methods which oddly shaped stones was made and used in Joseon palaces.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.381-388
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to integrate and visualize using mapping techniques based on precise seabed geomorphology, seafloor backscattering images and high-resolution underwater images of the nearshore area around the Dokdo, in the East Sea. We have been obtained the precise topography map using multibeam echosounder system around the nearshore area(~50 m) of the southern part of the Seodo. Side scan sonar survey for analysis seafloor backscattering images was carried out in the same area of topography data. High-resolution underwater images(zone(a), zone(b), zone(c)) were taken in significant habitat scope of the nearshore area of the southern part of the Seodo. Using the results of bathymetry, seafloor backscattering images, high-resolution underwater images, we performed an integrated visualization about the nearshore area of the Dokdo. The integrated visualizing techniques are possible to make the seabed characteristic mapping results of the nearshore area of the Dokdo. The integrated visualization results present more complex and reliable information than separate geological products for seabed environmental mapping study and it is useful to understand the relation between seafloor characteristics and topographic environments of the study area. The integrated visualizing techniques and mapping analysis need to study sustainably and periodically, for effective monitoring of the nearshore ecosystem of the Dokdo.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.252-265
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze the landscape ecological characteristics of green spaces within built up area of high density and evaluate the potential applicability of green patches, thereby introducing urban garden for generating green networks in residence areas. To this end, Yeoksam-Dong was selected as the site area since it is classified as both green initiative zone and alienated area of park service in Seoul. First, the current condition of green spaces in Yeoksam-Dong was identified by five categories: Street trees, private garden, public pocket garden, rooftop garden, and park. Then, the landscape index analysis through FRAGSTATS and connectivity assessment via multi-buffer zone analysis were carried out for analyzing the green networks and evaluating the potential value of green space. The results showed that the degree to which green areas in the site were distributed is arranged in the order of street tree, private garden, public pocket garden, park, and rooftop garden. In case of the street trees whose total core area (TCA, $1,618m^2$) is as high as the park's ($1,128m^2$). Private garden has potential for green network in built up area of high density by gardening since the shape of the patches are irregular (ED = 78.1m/ha) and the average distance among the patches is close (ENN=33.9m). Public pocket garden has also potential for gardening according to the result that it was found to be distributed evenly (LPI=5.7%, SHEI=0.9) with exposing external disturbance ($TCA=66m^2$). For the green network, 84% of all the study site is covered by small green network in 50m butter range of connected green area. The effect of green network was expected through gardening in public pocket garden (27%) and street tree (26%). Accordingly, it is encouraged to actively utilize street tree, private gardens, and rooftop gardens and to establish the urban gardens like local-based community gardens in public pocket garden where a variety of activities can be carried out near residential areas. By doing so, green networks can effectively be established in built up area with high density. The results of this study can contribute positively to fostering the creation of various types of urban gardens.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.174-181
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• 2015

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of three different types of rice flour prepared via dry and wet milling. The powder, soft, and hard-types of rice flour were Suwon No. 542, Suwon No. 541, and Unbong No. 30, respectively. The analysis of the proximate compositions of the different types of rice flour showed that their moisture content was 7.03~7.99%, their crude protein was 7.94~8.35%, their crude lipid was 0.71~1.49% and their crude ash was 0.25~0.82%. For the Hunter's color values, the L value was highest in the wet-milled rice flour, the a value was highest in the dry-milled rice flour, and the b value was highest in the dry-milled rice flour. All the samples showed distinctive rice starch particles in the particle analysis using scanning electron microscope. The dry-milled rice flour showed the greatest amount of irregular particles and the coarsest texture. The water absorption and water solubility indices were higher in the wet-milled soft- and hard-type rice flour. The crystallinities of the samples by X-ray diffractography were all A-type, but the crystallinity of the dry-milled hard-type rice flour was higher in diffraction degree. For the amylogram properties, the wet-milled soft-type rice flour showed the highest maximum viscosity, breakdown and setback. In the meanwhile, the dry-milled soft-type rice flour showed the highest initial pasting temperature, onset, peak, and end temperatures despite of the reverse enthalpy.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2017

This study was conducted to develop an agent-based computing platform enabling simulation of on-farm produce contamination by enteric foodborne pathogens, which is herein called PPMCS (Preharvest Produce Microbial Contamination Simulator). Also, fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated using PPMCS. Although Agent-based Modeling and Simulation, the tool applied in this study, is rather popular in where socio-economical human behaviors or ecological fate of animals in their niche are to be predicted, the incidence of on-farm produce contamination which are thought to be sporadic has never been simulated using this tool. The agents in PPMCS including crop, animal as a source of fecal contamination, and fly as a vector spreading the fecal contamination are given their intrinsic behaviors that are set to be executed at certain probability. Once all these agents are on-set following the intrinsic behavioral rules, consequences as the sum of all the behaviors in the system can be monitored real-time. When fecal contamination of preharvest produce was simulated in PPMCS as numbers of animals, flies, and initially contaminated plants change, the number of animals intruding cropping area affected most on the number of contaminated plants at harvest. For further application, the behaviors and variables of the agents are adjustable depending on user's own scenario of interest. This feature allows PPMCS to be utilized in where different simulating conditions are tested.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2020

There is systematic spatial variations in environmental properties due to sensitive reaction to external conditions at plastic greenhouse occupied 99.2% of domestic agricultural facilities. In order to construct 3 dimensional distribution of temperature, relative humidity, CO₂ and illuminance, measurement matrix as 3 by 3 by 5 in direction of width, height and length, respectively, dividing indoor space of greenhouse was designed and tested at experimental site. Linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate optimal estimation method in terms with horizontal and vertical variations. Even though sole measurement point for temperature and relative humidity could be feasible to assess indoor condition, multiple measurement matrix is inevitably required to improve spatial precision at certain time domain such as period of sunrise and sunset. In case with CO₂, multiple measurement matrix could not successfully improve the spatial predictability during a whole experimental period. In case with illuminance, prediction performance was getting smaller after a time period of sunrise due to systematic interference such as indoor structure. Thus, multiple sensing methodology was proposed in direction of length at higher height than growing bed, which could compensate estimation error in spatial domain. Appropriate measurement matrix could be constructed considering the transition of stability in indoor environmental properties due to external variations. As a result, optimal measurement matrix should be carefully designed considering flexibility of construction relevant with the type of property, indoor structure, the purpose of crop and the period of growth. For an instance, partial cooling and heating system to save a consumption of energy supplement could be successfully accomplished by the deployment of multiple measurement matrix.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.709-716
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• 2021

In this study, an adsorbent prepared by natural drying of iron hydroxide-based sludge collected from settling basin at a mine drainage treatment facility located in Gangneung, Gangwon-do was used to remove fluoride in an artificial fluoride solution and mine drainage, and the adsorption characteristics of the adsorbent were investigated. As a result of analyzing the chemical composition, mineralogical properties, and specific surface area of the adsorbent used in the experiment, iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) occupies 79.2 wt.% as the main constituent, and a peak related to calcite (CaCO₃) in the crystal structure analysis was analyzed. It was also identified that an irregular surface and a specific surface area of 216.78 m²·g^-1. In the indoor batch-type experiment, the effect of changes in reaction time, pH, initial fluoride concentration and temperature on the change in adsorption amount was analyzed. The adsorption of fluoride showed an adsorption amount of 3.85 mg·g^-1 16 hours after the start of the reaction, and the increase rate of the adsorption amount gradually decreased. Also, as the pH increased, the amount of fluoride adsorption decreased, and in particular, the amount of fluoride adsorption decreased rapidly around pH 5.5, the point of zero charge at which the surface charge of the adsorbent changes. Meanwhile, the results of the isotherm adsorption experiment were applied to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm adsorption models to infer the fluoride adsorption mechanism of the used adsorbent. To understand the thermodynamic properties of the adsorbent using the Van't Hoff equation, thermodynamic constants 𝚫H° and 𝚫G° were calculated using the adsorption amount information obtained by increasing the temperature from 25℃ to 65℃ to determine the adsorption characteristics of the adsorbent. Finally, the adsorbent was applied to the mine drainage having a fluoride concentration of about 12.8 mg·L^-1, and the fluoride removal rate was about 50%.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.5-24
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• 2022

The current performance evaluation of slope anchors qualitatively determines the physical bonding between the anchor head and ground as well as cracks or breakage of the anchor head. However, such performance evaluation does not measure these primary factors quantitatively. Therefore, the time-dependent management of the anchors is almost impossible. This study is an evaluation of the 3D numerical model by SfM which combines UAS images with terrestrial LiDAR to collect numerical data on the damage factors. It also utilizes the data for the quantitative maintenance of the anchor system once it is installed on slopes. The UAS 3D model, which often shows relatively low precision in the z-coordinate for vertical objects such as slopes, is combined with terrestrial LiDAR scan data to improve the accuracy of the z-coordinate measurement. After validating the system, a field test is conducted with ten anchors installed on a slope with arbitrarily damaged heads. The damages (such as cracks, breakages, and rotational displacements) are detected and numerically evaluated through the orthogonal projection of the measurement system. The results show that the introduced system at the resolution of 8K can detect cracks less than 0.3 mm in any aperture with an error range of 0.05 mm. Also, the system can successfully detect the volume of the damaged part, showing that the maximum damage area of the anchor head was within 3% of the original design guideline. Originally, the ground adhesion to the anchor head, where the z-coordinate is highly relevant, was almost impossible to measure with the UAS 3D numerical model alone because of its blind spots. However, by applying the combined system, elevation differences between the anchor bottom and the irregular ground surface was identified so that the average value at 20 various locations was calculated for the ground adhesion. Additionally, rotation angle and displacement of the anchor head less than 1" were detected. From the observations, the validity of the 3D numerical model can obtain quantitative data on anchor damage. Such data collection can potentially create a database that could be used as a fundamental resource for quantitative anchor damage evaluation in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.79-95
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to find the changes in the habitat of wild birds caused by climate change in urban rivers and protected areas that greatly require ecological functions. In the future, this study can be used as a management index to protect the urban river ecosystem and maintain the health of sustainable urban rivers, thereby ensuring biodiversity. The Tancheon Ecological and Landscape Conservation Area, selected as a target site, has been affected by climate change. The four seasons of Korea have a distinct temperate climate, but the average annual temperature in Seoul has risen by 2.4-2.8℃ over the last 40 years. Winter temperatures tended to gradually increase. Precipitation, which was concentrated from June to August, is now changing into localized torrential rain and a uniform precipitation pattern of several months. Climate change causes irregular and unforeseen features. Climate change has been shown to have various effects on urban river ecosystems. The decrease in the area of water surface and sedimentary land impacted river shape change and has led to large-scale terrestrialization. Plants showed disturbance, and the vegetation was simplified. The emergence of national climate change indicator species, the development of foreign herbaceous plants, the change of dry land native herbaceous species, and wet intelligence vegetation were developed. Wild birds appeared in the territory of winter-summer migratory. In addition, species change and the populations of migratory birds also occurred. It was judged that fluctuations in temperature and precipitation and non-predictive characteristics affect the hydrological environment, plant ecology, and wild birds connecting with the river ecosystem. The results of this study were to analyze how climate change affects the habitat of wild birds and to develop a management index for river ecological and landscape conservation areas where environmental and ecological functions in cities operate. This study can serve as a basic study at the level of ecosystem services to improve the health of urban rivers and create a foundation for biodiversity.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.44-59
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• 1994

Medical consumers(patients) want evening-clinic because of busy work. For patient's convenience and improving service, hospital should accept it. Considering payment system and patient's demand, personnel expenses, hospital can not accept. The practice of shift system to accept patient's demand and hospital's economic aspect was made. To analysis the effect of the system and probability to alternative to evening clinic this study was done. This study was composed of basal study, intervention, evaluation of effect. The basal study were composed of studying demand on evening clinic, the number of beds, doctors employee, the time table of practice and work, and the number of patients at arrival time. The intervention composed of changing of practice time, changing of working time by the number of patients at arrival time, increasing of employee. The evaluation of effect were composed of evaluating the number of patient at time, the effect of shift system, the comparison of the number of in and out patients and questionnairing the practice of shift system. In the practice time at 2 shift system First team works 7-15 hours and Second team 12-20 hours. there are no lunch and supper time. At 18-20 hours the number of patients were 25-30. The number of patient a depart were 6-7. The number of out-patient increase in 13% and inpatient increase in 10% before the system. Doctors(100%), employee(94.6%), and patients(86.4%) approved this system. The advantage of this system were utilization of surplus time, lengthen the practice time, even distribution of patients and shortening of waiting time, rapid treatment of emergent patients. The disadvantage of this system were shortage of manpower, not all depart practice, continuity of practice, no lunch and supper time, irregular rounding. At present because of small Demanding on evening clinic, this shift system was economical. To succeed this study more effectively all depart in hospital participate. But because of economical reason it is impossible for hospital to do it. If the government assist the economic loss that all depart participate in this system it is very helpful for hospital to succeed in implementing this system more early.