• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2003

The alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) callus was induced from seeds on SH medium contained $3\;mg/{\ell}$ of 2,4-D. Several regenerated alfalfa plants and many shoots were obtained by procedure of Kim et al. (1999); 1) incubation for 28~30 days on SH medium added $5\;mg/{\ell}$ of NAA and $2\;mg/{\ell}$ of Kinetin, 2) incubation for 3~5 days on SH medium added $11\;mg/{\ell}$ of 2,4-D and $1\;mg/{\ell}$ of kinetin. 3) incubation for 21~25 days on SH medium added $1.6\;g/{\ell}$ of ammonium sulfate and $5.75\;g/{\ell}$ of proline. To increase of root induction ratio on plant regeneration process of alfalfa, root induction ratio was examined on 8 kinds of medium, containing different amount of hormone and SH salt. Root induction ratio was higher on SH medium contained IBA than SH basal medium. In case 1.5 mg of IBA was added in SH medium, root induction ratio was the highest to 56.0% in this study. On the other hand, root induction ratio was higher on SH medium diminished SH salt amount to half volume and addition of IBA makes high root induction ratio, too. Thus, we conclude that the medium for root induction of alfalfa may be added $1.5\;mg/{\ell}$ of IBA and diminished SH salt amount to half volume.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 1994

Total 55 patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer treated with radiation therapy at Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yeungnam University Hospital, between May-1 1986 and April-30 1993 were retrospectively analyzed by clinical characteristics, failure patterns, follow up duration and survival ratio according to prognostic factors. Obtained results were as follows : 1. Male to female ratio was 17.3 2. Sixth and seventh decades were predominant age group. 3. The patients were 8 in stage I-II, 34 in stage IIIA, 13 in stage IIIb, respectively. 4. Forty five patients out of 55 were squamous cell carcinoma. 5. Primary tumor were originated from upper lobe bronchi predominantly. 6. The size of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement and the degree of differentiation were important in evaluation of prognosis. 7. In conclusion, for patients with poor prognostic factors systemic chemotherapy and multidisciplinary approach were recommended for better treatment outcome and improvement of survival.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.479-491
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the distribution and differentiation of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive cells in the basal nucleus of Meynert of the postnatal and adult rat forebrains, utilizing techniques of immunocytochemistry. According to the cell shape and the ratio of long axis vs short axis of cell soma, the ChAT-immunoreactive nerve cells in the basal nucleus of Meynert of the adult rat were classified into six types. In the adult rat, the frequency distributions (FD) of round, oval, elongated, fusiform, triangular and polygonal cells were 9.4%, 35.5%, 32.1%, 5.9%, 9.1% and 8.0%, respectively. The FD of oval and round nerve cells on the postnatal day (PND) 14 were observed to be 18.7% and 51.5%, respectively. Those were shown to be progressively decreased during developmental process to the adult. Also, those of elongated and triangular nerve cells on the PND 21 were observed to be 30.4% and 10.1%, respectively. Those were shown to be same phenomenon a,1 those in the round and oval cells. Meanwhile, those of the triangular and polygonal nerve cells were progressively increased from the early postnatal stage to the adult. The total mean volumes of ChAT-immunoreactive cell somata in the PND 7 rat were the lowest $(1,083{\mu}m^3)$ and those in the PND 21 rat were shown to be the highest $(5,045{\mu}m^3)$. But in the adult, those were decreased to $(2,731{\mu}m^3)$. Those in the PND 21 rat were shown to be about 84.7% larger than those in the adult. On the electron micrography, the cell organelles such as ribosomes, polysomes, rough endoplasmic reticula (RER) and mitochondria were well developed in the PND 21 rat forebrains, but Golgi complexes were shown to be proliferating phase. Especially, ribosomes, polysomes and RER were immunoreactive in the tissues treated with 0.05% triton X-100. According to the observations in the present study, it is considered that the ChAT-immunoreactive nerve cells in the basal nucleus of Meynert of the rat forebrains are differentiated throughout the following processes of changes during the postnatal development: 1) increase of cell soma volumes with the differentiation of tell organelles and neurites, 2) increase in the FD of differentiated tell types and 3) cell schrinkage without cell loss. The ribosomes, polysomes and RER are considered to be closely related to the intracellular localization and biosynthesis of the ChAT but not Colgi complex.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2011

Pine needles have long been used as a traditional health-promoting medicinal food in Korea. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of pine needle extracts on the antioxidant activity, and proliferation of osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells. Pine needle extracts were examined using hot water, ethanol, hexane, hot water-ethanol, and hot water-hexane. The effects of the pine needle extracts were examined by comparing the results with that of a commercial agents, proanthocyanidin. Analysis of each extract indicated that hot water-ethanol and ethanol extracts contained the highest total polyphenol concentrations. The hot water-ethanol and ethanol extracts also showed relatively the highest SOD-like activity. The proliferation of osteoclastic RAW 264.7 cells treated with pine needle extracts was decreased by lower than 70%. In addition, the hot water and ethanol extracts of pine needle significantly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive ($TRAP^+$) multinucleated cells from osteoclatic RAW 264.7 cells. These results indicate that pine needle extracts had an anabolic effect on bone through the promotion of osteoclast differentiation, suggesting that they could be used for the treatment of common metabolic bone diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.502-513
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• 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammation effects of extract from Maclura tricuspidata twig fermented with Ganoderma lucidum mycelium (EMFG) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 100, 200, 300 ㎍/mL of EMFG. The result showed that EMFG dose-dependently inhibited the accumulation of intracellular lipid content in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and enhanced increase of adiponectin release and inhibition of leptin release. EMFG treatment reduced expression of adipogenic transcriptional factor such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα). EMFG also decreased production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory cytokine [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)] and the protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible NOS (iNOS) in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The study demonstrated that EMFG inhibited adipogenesis and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that EMFG may have potential as an anti-obesity and anti-metabolic disease agent that works by inhibiting adipogenesis and inflammation.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 2007

Purpose: RUNX3, a novel tumor suppressor, is frequently inactivated in gastric cancer. In the present study, we examined the pattern of RUNX3 expression in gastric cancer cells from gastric cancer specimens and the impact of its alteration on clinical outcome. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 samples of both gastric cancer and normal tissue were obtained from 124 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy at the Seoul Medical Center from January 2001 to December 2005. RUNX3 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining, and the results were analyzed. Statistical analysis wabased on clinicopathological findings and differences in survival rates. Results: The mean age of the patients was 61 years, and the male:female ratio was 1.9:1. The expression rate of RUNX3 was 59.7% (74/124). The expression rate was higher in differentiated gastric cancers (nucleus: 9.1%, cytoplasm: 57.6%) than in the undifferentiated types (nucleus: 5.2%, cytoplasm: 46.6%) (P=0.133). The 5-year survival rates according to RUNX3 expression determined from cancer tissue were 88.9% for the nucleus $\pm$ cytoplasm(+) group of patients, 76.1% for the cytoplasm only (+) group of patients, and 65.3% for the RUNX3 negative expression group of patients (P=0.626). Only UICC TNM staging showed statistical significance related to the survival rate, as determined by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The RUNX3 expression rate was higher in differentiated gastric cancer than in the undifferentiated types without significance. Although RUNX3 expression predicted better survival, based on multivariate analysis, the finding was not statistically significant. More cases should be further evaluated.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1997

Purpose : To evaluate the role of radiotherapy in the management of incompletely resected supratentorial low grade astrocytoma with the analysis of the survival, the Pattern of failure, and the prognostic variables affecting survival. Material and methods : Between January 1990 and December 1995, fifty-one patients with supratentorial low grade astrocytoma received radiotherapy after subtotal resection(16 patients) or stereotactic biopsy(35 patients) at Asan Medical Center, External radiotherapy was done by conventional fractionation with the total dose of 4820cGy to 6000cGy(median 5580cGy) and partial brain volume. The follow-up was done from 6 to 79 months(median 48 months) Result : Overall actuarial survival rate at 2 and 5 years were $83.4\%\;and\;54.8\%$, respectively. Progression free survival at 2 and 5 years were $67.4\%\;and\;48.7\%$, respectively The significant prognostic factors affecting overall survival rate were the performance status, 1 stage, histologic subtype, radiation field and radiation response. The major pattern of failure was local failure, such as Progressive disease and primary site recurrence in 23 patients $(45.1\%)$. Progression free survivors excluding 2 patients were physically and intellectually intact without major neurologic deficit. Conclusion : Although the follow-up period of this study was relatively short, overall actuarial and progression free survival rate were encouraging. Patients with good performance status, lower T stage, pilocytic subtype, patients treated with small radiation field and radiation responder showed better survival. As the local failure was the major pattern of failure, the various efforts to decrease the local failure is necessary.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.277-281
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• 2001

Embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration methods were developed for native Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratenes L.) ecotypes. Mature caryopses and immature inflorescences (20 mm in length) of 4 native ecotypes and 5 foreign cultivars were plated on MS medium (30 g/L sucrose, 3 g/L Phytagel) supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D, and cultured in the dark at 24$^{\circ}C$. Most explants formed calli, but more embryogenic calli were induced from the explants of immature inflorescences than caryopses which produced mostly non-embryogenic rooty calli. In P77 ecotypes, immature inflorescence explants formed embryogenic calli with the rate of 62~95%, and those of field-grown plants were more efficient than greenhouse-grown ones in embryogenic callus induction. Plantlets were regenerated from the embryogenic calli when they were transferred to hormone-free MS medium, and grew to maturity without morphological variations in greenhouse.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2007

Optimum tissue culture conditions for an efficient induction of embryogenic callus from mature seeds of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and regeneration of plants from callus tissues were investigated. MS medium containing 3 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.1 mg/L BA was optimal for embryogenic callus induction from mature seeds. The highest plant regeneration frequency (58.3%) was observed when the embryogenic callus tissues were cultured on N6 medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 3 mg/L BA. Regenerated plants were grown normally when shoots transplanted to the soil. A short tissue culture period and high-frequency regeneration system would be helpful for molecular breeding of perennial ryegrass through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.1_2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

Evolutionary artificial neural networks (EANNs) are towards the near optimal ANN using the global search of evolutionary instead of trial-and-error process. However, many real-world problems are too hard to be solved by only one ANN. Recently there has been plenty of interest on combining ANNs in the last generation to improve the performance and reliability. This paper proposes a new approach of constructing multiple ANNs which complement each other by speciation. Also, we develop a multiple ANN to combine the results in abstract, rank, and measurement levels. The experimental results on Australian credit approval data from UCI benchmark data set have shown that combining of the speciated EANNs have better recognition ability than EANNs which are not speciated, and the average error rate of 0.105 proves the superiority of the proposed EANNs.