• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 1987

This study deals with the changes in the concentrations of blood glucose and electrolytes during open heart surgery. Blood glucose and electrolytes in connection with age, disease and anesthetic period were measured in 25 patients about to undergo heart surgery which were performed between June 1986 and August 1986 in Yeungnam University Hospital. Because glucose solution is commonly used as priming solution, and the priming solution is hyperglycemic and hyperosmolar, glucose level of priming solution in this study was adjusted to 100-200mg% level to minimize hyperglycemic and hyperosmolar effect. The following results were obtained. 1. Glucose level of priming solution before extracorporeal circulation was $151.6{\pm}3.13mg%$. 2. With body cooling, blood glucose level was elevated. As duration of extracorporeal circulation is prolonged, blood glucose level was elevated more, but no difference between age and diseases were observed. On warming, blood glucose level was progressively lowered. 3. Despite the low serum potassium level during by pass, the potassium level was progressively elevated following by-pass, cut the serum potassium level was low compared to control values. Elevated calcium level was maintained during by pass.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.762-767
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• 2017

This paper presents an analysis for improving the power transfer capability in transmission lines caused by the movable load charging of electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are expected to be used more widely and replace gas fuel vehicles in the near future due to the shortage of fossil fuels and for environmental preservation. Movable load charging of EVs could lead to the convergence of transferred power flow and overloading conditions in transmission lines in a specific area of a power system, which is conventionally based on estimated fixed load capability. To analyze these conditions, the New England Test System was divided into four regions based on the load characteristics, and different charging scenarios were considered. In these scenarios, the regional power load was highly increased to 31% based on the standard charging capacity of an EV. As a solution to the overloading problem of transmission lines, a TCSC was installed serially on the overloaded line to directly control the transferred power under limited line capability (100% load capability). The simulation showed that the application of a few TCSCs could efficiently and economically control the line capability problem caused by movable load charging of EVs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.185-185
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• 2016

아크릴계 수지(resin)에 인조 흑연과 탄소나노튜브(carbon nanotube)를 1:1 비율로 혼합한 충전제(filler)와 용제(solvent) 및 기타 첨가제(additives)를 혼합하여 방열도료를 제조하여 수직방향 열전도도를 상온에서 평가하였다. 충전제의 함량을 1, 2, 5 중량 %로 변화시키며 원료들을 준비하여 교반기로 혼합한 뒤 3단 롤 밀(three roll mill)로 분산공정을 진행하여 3 종류의 도료를 제조하였다. 제조한 도료를 가로 11 mm, 세로 11 mm, 두께 0.4 mm의 Al 5052 알루미늄 기판에 스프레이 코팅 방식으로 도포한 후 $150^{\circ}C$에서 30분 동안 열경화 건조 과정을 거쳐 샘플을 제작하였다. 측정 시료의 형상은 대략적으로 Fig. 1과 같다. 열전도도는 식 $k={\alpha}{\cdot}C_p{\cdot}{\rho}$를 사용해서 계산된다. 여기서 k는 열전도도($W/m{\cdot}K$), ${\alpha}$는 열확산계수($mm^2/s$), $C_p$는 비열($J/kg{\cdot}K$), ${\rho}$는 밀도($g/cm^3$)를 나타낸다. 열확산계수는 독일 NETZSCH 사의 Laser Flash Analysis 장비(모델명 LFA 457)를 사용하여 측정하였는데, 기판 뒤쪽에서 레이저를 조사하고 도료층 전면에서 적외선 온도센서를 통해 시간에 따른 온도 상승곡선을 구한 후, 두 물체의 계면에서의 접촉 열저항(contact thermal resistance)을 감안하여 장비에 내장되어 있는 소프트웨어로 열확산계수가 계산된다. 비열은 같은 회사의 DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry) 200 F3 장비를 사용해 측정했으며, 밀도는 부피와 질량을 측정한 값을 이용하여 계산하였다. 도료를 도포하지 않은 bare Al plate에 대해서는 쉽게 열확산계수, 비열, 밀도를 측정하여 열전도도를 구할 수 있다. 도료가 코팅된 샘플에 대해서는 도료층을 일부 떼어내 비열을 측정하고, 밀도를 구한 후, 도료층의 열전도도가 2-layer 법으로 장비 내장 소프트웨어로 계산된다, 이때 Al 기판의 열확산계수, 비열, 밀도는 미리 측정한 bare Al plate의 값을 적용하였다. 실험 결과를 Table 1에 정리하였다. 흑연과 탄소나노튜브를 혼합한 충전제를 함유한 아크릴 복합체 박막에서 측정된 열전도도는 보통 고분자 재료의 열전도도 값의 상한 영역에 육박하는 값이며, 충전제 함량이 증가할수록 열전도도가 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.722-729
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• 2013

In order to enhance the thermal conductivity of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS), boron nitride (BN) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were incorporated as the thermally conductive fillers. The amount of BN was increased from 0 to 100 phr (parts per hundred rubber) and the amount of CNTs was increased from 0 to 4 phr at a fixed amount of the boron nitride (100 phr). The thermal conductivity of the composites increased with an increasing concentration of BN, but the incorporation of CNTs had only a slight effect on the enhancement of thermal conductivity. Unexpectedly, the thermal degradation of the composites was accelerated by the addition of CNTs in 100 phr BN filled PDMS. Activation energy for thermal decomposition of the composites was calculated using the Horowitz-Metzger method. The curing behavior, electrical resistivity, and mechanical properties of PDMS filled with BN and CNTs were investigated.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2000

최근, 제지산업에 있어서 종이의 경량화 연구는 원료 절감, 에너지 절감 등의 주 효과와 운송비 절감을 비롯한 부차적인 효과가 크기 때문에 앞으로도 활발히 추진 될 것으로 전망 된다. 그러나 이러한 경량화는 종이의 광학적 특성인 불투명도와 물리적 특성인 강도 저하 를 필연적으로 가져오게 한다. 특히 인쇄 및 필기용지의 경우 종이의 불투명도 저하는 인쇄 시 인쇄화상 뒤비침 현상으로 인하여 치명적인 악 영향을 초래한다. 종이의 불투명도를 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 가장 보편적인 방법은 충전제를 가능한 범 위내에서 많이 첨가시키는 것이다. 그러나 이 방법은 불투명도는 향상이 가능하나 미세분의 다량 발생에 의한 초지공정의 보류 및 폐수 문제, 종이의 강도 저하 문제를 야기 시킨다. 따라서 본 연구는 종이의 경량화에 수반되는 불투명도, 강도 문제의 지료 영향 인자인 섬유, 종이구조 및 충전제의 특성 등을 검토하여 보다 효율적인 지료조성 대책을 제시하고 충전제 첨가법을 개선하여 보류율을 향상시키고, 종이의 강도 감소율을 최소화하면서 불투 명도를 향상시킬 수 있는 효율적인 방법을 제시하기 위하여 수행 되었다. 구체적인 방법으로서는 펄프 및 충전물의 종류에 따른 종이의 물성과 불투명도의 변화를 관찰하였으며 또한 충전물의 충전시, 충전물의 보류를 향상시키면서 섬유간의 결합 방해를 최소화 시켜 종이의 본래 강도를 유지시키는 Fiber Loading의 새로운 방법인 Beater L Loading법을 시도하였다. 본 연구의 결과 수종간의 차이는 있었지만 활엽수 펄프가 칩엽수 펄프에 비해 불투명도 및 백색도 등의 광학적 성질이 우수한 것으로 나타나 펄프 종류및 수종의 적절한 선택에 의 하여 종이의 광학적 성질을 어느 정도 높일 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 충전물을 Beater Loading에 의해 첨가하였을 경우가 일반적인 Loading보다 보류 율이 좋았고 종이의 불투명도와 강도도 높게 나타났었다. 이러한 실험결과로 보아 일반적인 Loading 방법보다 Beater Loading법이 강도의 손실없이 불투명도를 높일 수 있는 효과적인 수단이 될 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

Concrete filled steel tubes(CFST) is considered as a column having better structural stability and better performance of fire resistance than that made with H-section and hollow section in itself. To get the fire resistance of the CFST, two kinds of concrete strength were used, 21 MPa, 40 MPa and 4 sorts of the applied loads were calculated and used to the specimens such as 3.5 m long, round and rectangular section. After various fire tests under 4 sorts of load ratios, the fire resistance of the CFST is not possible to get over 1 hour because of the rapid decrease of concrete strength. The below 50% of the applied load is recommended to obtain over 1 hour fire resistance of the CFST.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.405-412
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• 2008

This study was aimed to investigate whether an oxygen inhibition layer (OIL) is essential for the interfacial bonding between resin composite layers or not. A composite (Z-250, 3M ESPE) was filled in two layers using two aluminum plate molds with a hole of 3.7 mm diameter. The surface of first layer of cured composite was prepared by one of five methods as followings, thereafter second layer of composite was filled and cured: Group 1 - OIL is allowed to remain on the surface of cured composite; Group 2 - OIL was removed by rubbing with acetone-soaked cotton; Group 3 - formation of the OIL was inhibited using a Mylar strip; Group 4 - OIL was covered with glycerin and light-cured; Group 5 (control) - composite was bulk-filled in a layer. The interfacial shear bond strength between two layers was tested and the fracture modes were observed. To investigate the propagation of polymerization reaction from active area having a photo-initiator to inactive area without the initiator, a flowable composite (Aelite Flow) or an adhesive resin (Adhesive of ScotchBond Multipurpose) was placed over an experimental composite (Exp_Com) which does not include a photoinitiator and light-cured. After sectioning the specimen, the cured thickness of the Exp_Com was measured. The bond strength of group 2, 3 and 4 did not show statistically significant difference with group 1. Groups 3 and 4 were not statistically significant different with control group 5. The cured thicknesses of Exp_Com under the flowable resin and adhesive resin were 20.95 (0.90) urn and 42.13 (2.09), respectively.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.169-176
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickness, filling methods and curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured core materials by means of microhardness test. Two dual cured core materials, MultiCore Flow (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Bis-Core (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) were used in this study. 2 mm (bulky filled), 4 mm (bulky filled), 6 mm (bulky and incrementally filled) and 8 mm (bulky and incrementally filled)-thickness specimens were prepared with light cure or self cure mode. After storage at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the Knoop hardness values (KHN) of top and bottom surfaces were measured and the microhardness ratio of top and bottom surfaces was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparison test, with ${\alpha}=0.05$. The effect of thickness on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In 2, 4 and 6 mm groups, the KHN of two materials were not affected by thickness. However, in 8 mm group of MultiCore Flow, the KHN of the bottom surface was lower than those of other groups (p < 0.05). The effect of filling methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites was different by their thickness or materials. In 6 mm thickness, there was no significant difference between bulk and incremental filling groups. In 8 mm thickness, Bis-Core showed no significant difference between groups. However, in MultiCore Flow, the microhardness ratio of bulk filling group was lower than that of incremental filling group (p < 0.05). The effect of curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In Bis-Core, the KHN of dual cured group were higher than those of self cured group at both surfaces (p < 0.05). However, in MultiCore Flow, the results were not similar at both surfaces. At the top surface, dual cured group showed higher KHN than that of self cured group (p < 0.05). However, in the bottom surface, dual cured group showed lower value than that of self cured group (p < 0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.97-101
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• 1996

산림부산물인 수피에 의한 카드뮴 이온의 선택적 흡착 현상을 이용하여 인공폐수로부터 카드뮴이온의 제거를 시도하였다. 카드뮴 이온 선택성이 우수한 소나무와 상수리 나무의 수피를 이용한 효율적인 연속식 대량 수처리 시스템의 개발을 위한 기초 실험으로 카드뮴 이온흡착 등온선을 조사하였고, batch stirred reactor, airlift reactor, packed bed column 등 여러 접촉시스템에서의 카드뮴 이온의 제거 효율을 검토하였다. 카드뮴 흡착등온선은 두 수피 모두 Langmuir 형식으로 나타났으며 소나무 수피의 최대흡착용량은 약 7 mg/g, 상수리나무 수피의 경우에는 약 8 mg/g 정도로 나타났다. Batch stirred reactor를 이용한 시스템에서 초기농도 13 ppm의 카드뮴용액 100 $m\ell$ 을 수피 10 g 과 접촉시킨 결과 30분 이내에 95% 이상 제거되는 효율성을 보여주었다. Airlift reactor를 이용한 시스템에서는 수피 30 g 을 포기농도 10 ppm 카드뮴 용액 1 liter와 접촉시킨 결과 15분 이내에 93 % 이상 제거되었으며 4 cycle 반복 운전에서도 거의 같은 성능을 유지하였고 그 이상의 cycle에서는 점점 성능이 떨어짐을 보여주었다. Packed bed column을 이용한 시스템에서는 20 g의 수피를 충전시켰을 경우 초기농도 20 ppm에서 effluent 2.5 liter 까지는 95% 정도의 제거효율을 보여주었다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of thickness, filling methods and curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured core materials by means of microhardness test. Two dual cured core materials, MultiCore Flow (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) and Bis-Core (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) were used in this study. 2 mm (bulky filled), 4 mm (bulky filled), 6 mm (bulky and incrementally filled) and 8 mm (bulky and incrementally filled)-thickness specimens were prepared with light cure or self cure mode. After storage at $37{\circ}C$ for 24 hours, the Knoop hardness values (KHN) of top and bottom surfaces were measured and the microhardness ratio of top and bottom surfaces was calculated. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Scheffe multiple comparison test, with ${\alpha}$= 0.05. The effect of thickness on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In 2, 4 and 6 mm groups, the KHN of two materials were not affected by thickness. However, in 8 mm group of MultiCore Flow, the KHN of the bottom surface was lower than those of other groups (p < 0.05). The effect of filling methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites was different by their thickness or materials. In 6 mm thickness, there was no significant difference between bulk and incremental filling groups. In 8 mm thickness, Bis-Core showed no significant difference between groups. However, in MultiCore Flow, the microhardness ratio of bulk filling group was lower than that of incremental filling group (p < 0.05). The effect of curing methods on the polymerization of dual cured composites showed material specific results. In Bis-Core, the KHN of dual cured group were higher than those of self cured group at both surfaces (p < 0.05). However, in MultiCore Flow, the results were not similar at both surfaces. At the top surface, dual cured group showed higher KHN than that of self cured group (p < 0.05). However, in the bottom surface, dual cured group showed lower value than that of self cured group (p < 0.05).