• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.399-415
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• 2007

Many objects are always present in a visual scene. Since the visual system has limited capacity to process multiple stimuli at a time, how to cope with this informational overload is one of the important problems to solve in visual perception. This study investigated the suppressive interactions among multiple stimuli when attention was directed to either one of the stimuli or all of them. The results indicate that suppressive interactions among multiple circles were reduced in V4 when subjects paid attention to one of the four locations, as compared to the unattended condition. However, suppressive interactions were not reduced when they paid attention to all four items as a set, in order to compute their mean size. These results suggest that whereas focused attention serves to later out irrelevant information, distributed attention provides an average representation of multiple stimuli.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.133-171
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• 2013

The gist of a scene can be identified in less than 100msec, and violation in the gist can influence the way to allocate attention to the parts of a scene. In other words, people tend to allocate more attention to the object(s) inconsistent with the gist of a scene and to have better memory of them. To investigate the effects of contextual consistency on the attention allocation and object memory, two experiments were conducted. In both experiments, a $3{\times}2$ factorial design was used with scene presentation time(2s, 5s, and 10s) as a between-subject factor and object-background contextual consistency(consistent, inconsistent) as a within-subject factor. In Experiment 1, eye movements were recorded while the participants viewed line-drawing scenes. The results showed that the eye movement patterns were different according to whether the scenes were consistent or not. Context-inconsistent objects showed faster initial fixation indices, longer fixation times, more frequent returns than context-consistent ones. These results are entirely consistent with those of previous studies. If an object is identified as inconsistent with the gist of a scene, it attracts attention. Furthermore, the inconsistent objects and their locations in the scenes were recalled better than the consistent ones and their locations. Experiment 2 was the same as Experiment 1 except that a dual-task paradigm was used to reduce the amount of attention to allocate to the objects. Participants had to detect the positions of the probe occurring every second while they viewed the scenes. Nonetheless, the result patterns were the same as in Experiment 1. Even when the amount of attention to allocate to the scene contents was reduced, the same effects of contextual inconsistency were observed. These results indicate that the object-background contextual consistency has a strong influence on the way of allocating attention and the memory of objects in a scene.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.73-95
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• 2012

Two experiments were conducted to verify how the factors of attentional dispersion, reason for waiting, and cue of time flow affect the perceived waiting time. In experiment 1, based on the characteristics of waiting experience that Maister(1985) suggested, levels of attentional dispersion and whether or not offering a reason for waiting were manipulated. Participants estimated elapsed time(the objective time was 10 minutes) using either prospective or retrospective estimation method. Overall results were that they overestimated the elapsed time regardless of the experimental conditions. However, both main effects of the attentional dispersion and the reason for waiting were statistically significant. That is, when attention was more dispersed and when the reason was given, overestimation of elapsed time was reduced. No difference was found between the two estimation methods, and none of the interaction was significant. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1 except that a cue of time flow was added by using scroll bar on a computer screen. Because it has been suggested that the cue can help us to manage the waiting time and result in differences between the two time estimation methods. The results showed that main effects of the attentional dispersion and the reason for waiting were significant as those in Experiment 1. In addition, main effect of time estimation method and the three-way interaction were also significant. None of two-way interaction was significant. That is, the perceived waiting time is much shorter in the retrospective method, and the effects of the attentional dispersion and the reason of waiting were dependent upon the estimation methods. Both experiments showed that offering a clear reason for waiting is more important than the attentional dispersion in reducing the perceived waiting time. Some implications of these results for the service industry and the future direction of research were discussed in the final section.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2019.01a
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• pp.451-453
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• 2019

본 논문에서는 주행 중 안전운전에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 운전자의 행동을 찾아 분석한 뒤 세분화 하여 분류하고, 주의분산을 유발하는 운전자의 운전행동 구분을 바탕으로 차량을 주행함에 있어 위험요소를 찾아내도록 한다. 이를 통해 향후 자동차사고를 줄이기 위한 제도개선 및 문제점 보완에 기여할 수 있다. 운전 중 운전자의 주의분산을 유발하는 디바이스가 늘어나는 상황에서 본 논문의 분석결과는 운전자의 필수적이지 않은 위험행동을 줄이도록 유도하는 방안을 모색할 수 있다.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.111-131
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• 2017

The connectionist model is one approach to studying language processing from a computational perspective. And building a representation in the connectionist model study is just as important as making the structure of the model in that it determines the level of learning and performance of the model. The connectionist model has been constructed in two different ways: localist representation and distributed representation. However, the localist representation used in the previous studies had limitations in that the unit of the output layer having a rare target activation value is inactivated, and the past distributed representation has the limitation of difficulty in confirming the result by the opacity of the displayed information. This has been a limitation of the overall connection model study. In this paper, we present a new method to induce distributed representation with local representation using abstraction of information, which is a feature of restricted Boltzmann machine, with respect to the limitation of such representation of the past. As a result, our proposed method effectively solves the problem of conventional representation by using the method of information compression and inverse transformation of distributed representation into local representation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.293-297
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• 2001

본 연구는 공간상에서 초점 주의의 공간 위치가 인간의 감각 운동 협응에 의한 회귀억제에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 실험은 20∼25세 나이의 성인 남·여를 대상으로 하였고, 자체 제작한 방음 암실에서 실시되었다. 지금까지의 회귀억제는 위치와 시간에 관련된 특이한 현상이라고 정의되어 왔다. 그러나 본 실험에서는 피험자의 주의가 집중되어 있는 공간에서는 시간에 관계없이 일어나지 않지만 피험자의 주의가 분산되었을 경우는 한 번 집중된 공간으로 주의를 옮기기가 어려운 회귀억제 현상이 일어났다. 본 연구에서는 회귀억제는 조건에 따라서는 자극 제시 간격(SOA)과 무관하며 초짐 주의 공간 위치와 관련된 현상임을 정량적으로 평가하였다.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-52
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• 2020

This study aimed to examine the relationships among elementary mathematics teachers' self-efficacy beliefs, constructivist beliefs, and years of experience. This study used the primary data set of 299 Korean elementary school teachers. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Pearson's correlation test, multivariate analysis of variance, and structural equation modeling were conducted. This study found that mathematics teachers' self-efficacy beliefs were positively related to their years of experience and constructivist beliefs, whereas there was no significant association between teachers' years of experience and constructivist beliefs. Additionally, teachers' self-efficacy beliefs significantly mediated the relationship between years of experience and constructivist beliefs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.313-315
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• 2000

라우팅 및 시그날링 프로토콜의 설계와 개발과정에서 가장 어려운 이슈들주의 하나가 개발된 프로토콜의 시험 및 성능을 측정하는 것이다. 이를 위해서는 시험 요소들의 구성 및 제어가 용이하면서 지리적으로 분산되어 있는 상태에서 시험을 가능하게 하는 방법과 도구가 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 인터넷 프로토콜 자체의 행동 및 성능 시험을 위한 WWW 기반의 분산 시험 시스템의 설계 및 개발에 관련된 내용을 다룬다. 특히 이 시험 시스템을 RSVP에 적용하는 방법과 RSVP에 관련된 시험 스위트들에 대해서 소개한다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.173-182
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• 2021

In this paper, we analyzed driver's and passenger's motions that cause driver's distraction, and recognized 10 driver's behaviors related to mobile phones. First, distraction-inducing behaviors were classified into environments and factors, and related recent papers were analyzed. Based on the analyzed papers, 10 driver's behaviors related to cell phones, which are the main causes of distraction, were recognized. The experiment was conducted based on about 100,000 image data. Features were extracted through SURF and tested with three models (CNN, ResNet-101, and improved ResNet-101). The improved ResNet-101 model reduced training and validation errors by 8.2 times and 44.6 times compared to CNN, and the average precision and f1-score were maintained at a high level of 0.98. In addition, using CAM (class activation maps), it was reviewed whether the deep learning model used the cell phone object and location as the decisive cause when judging the driver's distraction behavior.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.449-452
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• 2012

운전 중에 주의를 분산시키는 요소는 대부분 인터페이스 조작에 있으며 교통사고의 직접적인 원인이 된다. 스마트 자동차에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 운전자 안전에 대한 다양한 연구가 모색되고 있다. 순간의 시선이동으로 인해 판단력과 조작능력을 상실 할 수 있는 현재의 인터페이스는 안전성이 보장 되지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 운전자의 주의를 분산시키는 요소로 부터 안전성을 확보하기 위해서 차량 내 카메라를 이용하여 손동작을 인식하여 직관적인 제스처로 전화번호를 입력하거나 검색할 수 있는 안전한 인터페이스를 제안한다. 제안한 시스템은 직관적 동작과 TTS(Text To Speech)를 활용하여 사용자 편의성과 안전성을 높였다.