• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic correlations on body shape components in Korean Native Ogol fowl , The data analysis were record of 450 pullets producted from 150 dams and 20 sires of Korean Native Ogol fowl raised at Chungnam National University from June 18, 1987 to April 6, 1989. The results obtained are sammarized as follows ； 1. On the body components, shank length at 8, 24 weeks and 300 days of age were $8.717\pm$0.363, $9.576\pm$0.390 and $9.646\pm$0.389cm, the breast width were 3.469$\pm$0.234, $4.310\pm$0.345 and $4.752\pm$0.343cm； the breast girth at 8, 24weeks and 300 days of age were $22.819\pm$1.082, $36.719\pm$1.793 and $39.008\pm$1.709cm； the tibia length at 8, 24weeks and 300days of age were $9.941\pm$0.888, $13.183\pm$0.499 and $13.560\pm$0.552cm. 2. The heritability estimates of body shape components based on the variances of sires, dams and combined components from 8, 24 weeks and 300 days of age were 0.235-0.290, 0.589-0.890 and 0.437-0.565 for shank length ； 0.185-0.237, 0.444-0.536 and 0.314-0.392 for breast width ； 0.218-0.552, 0.499-0.746, 0.486-0.558 for breast girth ； 0.339-0.432, 0.281-0.543 and 0.340-0.446 for tibia length, respectively. 3. The genetic correlation coefficient of body shape components were as follows ； between shank length and breast width, breast girth, tibia length were 0.237-0.836, 0.277-0,729 and 0.378-0.915；between breast width and breast girth, tibia length were 0.637-0.889 and 0.384-0.903；between breast girth and tibia length was 0.905-0.995, respectively.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.20 no.2 s.22
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• pp.331-340
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• 1987

To determine the incidence rate of school accidents and its associated factors, a cohort observation was carried out in a boys' high school of a total of 2,324 students for an academic year from March 1986 to February 1987. Data for accidents were collected by the author (school nurse) as students came to the school health station for treatment of accidental injury. Data for school activities were obtained from the diary of academic affairs. A total of 603 students made 1,126 visits to the station for accidental injury during the study period that gave an average 1.9 accidents per student. The average number of visits for accidental injury per day was 5.1 and the incidence rate of accidental injury was 2.2 per 1,000 student days. Each class had about 30 accidents on the average in a year. However there were two classes that had exceptionally high incidence rate of accidents; 54 accidents in one class where 10 athletes were assigned and 58 accidents in the other class where the teacher in charge was On vacation for two months. The highest incidence rate of accident was observed in June (3.4 per 1,000 student days) and the lowest rates were in December and February (1.5 and 0.7 per 1,000 student days, respectively) and there were no appreciable difference by day of week. Accidents were caused by mischief or carelessness of students in 62.2% and by the inappropriate tools and facilities of school in 18.6% . The accidents caused by tools and facilities were mainly due to the antiquated chairs and tables. Referral rate to hospital for severe injury was three times higher in cloudy days and five times higher in rainy days than in clear days. There was almost no accident during the examination period but increased after the examination. Based on these findings, following measures are recommended to prevent school accident: disperse the athletes throughout the classes: should the teacher in charge leave the class for a long period, replace with another teacher who is familiar with the class to keep order; replace or repair the inappropriate tools and facilities; and warn the students for the risk of accident or broadcast music or let the students have light physical exercise to relieve the tension in cloudy or rainy day and after examination.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.421-429
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• 2007

Some researchers suggested that tactile sensor system would be useful in evaluating masticatory muscles of TMD patients, but there were few studies on the effects of chewing with time. The aim of this study was to investigate the change of elasticity and stiffness for masseter and temporal muscles of normal subjects before, during and after gum chewing and to obtain the baseline data for further researches on the elasticity and stiffness for masticatory muscles of TMD patients. Stiffness and elasticity of their anterior temporalis and inferior masseter muscle were measured bilaterally by a tactile sensor system. Each subject was instructed to sit on a chair for evaluation of masticatory muscles. Before operating the sensor, the thickest skin area over anterior temporalis and inferior masseter muscles were selected as the points to be pressed by a tactile sensor, and marked with a pen. While the teeth of subjects were lightly contacted, the probe of the tactile sensor was placed perpendicularly over the marked point over the skin, followed by computer-controlled movement including gently pressing straight down on the muscle for a second and retracting. All subjects were instructed to chew gum (Excellent Breath, Taiyo Co., Japan) bilaterally with a velocity of 2 times per second for 40 minutes after the first measurement had been performed for the baseline data of all subjects. The measurements had been repeated during chewing with 10 minutes of interval and continued for 40 minutes with same interval after chewing. Resultantly, the decrease of elasticity and the increase of stiffness in masticatory muscles can be seen significantly within 10 minutes after chewing and those were maintained during chewing without significant change with chewing time. The elasticity of muscles was recovered within 10 minutes after stopping chewing, but the stiffness was recovered more lately than elasticity by about 10 minutes. Based on these results, it can be concluded that elasticity and stiffness of muscles would be good indicators to evaluate the masticatory muscles objectively, when more supported by further researches.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 2013

Purpose : The objective of this study was to analyze the brain volume according to the brain image of healthy adults in the 20s taken with different inversion time (TI). Materials and Methods: Brain images of healthy adults in the 20 s were acquired using magnetization prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MPRAGE) pulse sequence with 1.5 mm thickness of pieces and four inversion times (1100 ms, 1000 ms, 900 ms, 800 ms). The acquired brain images were analyzed to measure the volume of white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), intracranial volume (ICV). The statistical difference according to brain volume and gender was analyzed for each TI. Results: The brain volume calculated using Freesurfer was WM$486.52{\pm}48.64cm^3$ and GM=$646.83{\pm}57.12cm^3$ in mean when adjusted by mean ICV=$1278.94{\pm}154.92cm^3$. Men's brain volume(WM, GM, ICV) was larger than women's brain volume. In the intrarater reliability test, all of the intraclass correlation coefficients were high (0.992 for WM, 0.988 for GM, and 0.997 for ICV). In the repeated measures analysis of variance, GM and ICV did not show a significant difference at each TI (GM p=0.143, ICV p=0.052), but WM showed a significant (p=0.001). In the linear structure relation analysis, all of the Pearson correlation coefficients were high. Conclusion: WM, GM, and ICV indicated high reliability and solid linear structure relations, but WM showed significant differences at each TI. The brain volume of healthy adults in the 20s could be used in comparison with that of patients for reference purposes and to predict the structural change of brain. It would be needed to conduct additional studies to examine the contract, SNR, and lesion detection ability according to variable TI.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2014

This study is to provide basic information regarding photoneutron doses in terms of radiation treatment techniques and the number of portals in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) by measuring the photoneutron doses. Subjects of experiment were 10 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer and have received radiation treatment for 5 months from September 2013 to January 2014 in the department of radiation oncology in S hospital located in Seoul. Thus, radiation treatment plans were created for 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy (3D-CRT), Volumetric-Modulated Arc Radiotherapy (VMAT), IMRT 5, 7, and 9 portals. The average difference of photoneutron dose was compared through descriptive statistics and variance analysis, and analyzed influence factors through correlation analysis and regression analysis. In summarized results, 3D-CRT showed the lowest average photoneutron dose, while IMRT caused the highest dose with statistically significance (p <.01). The photoneutron dose by number of portals of IMRT was $4.37{\pm}1.08mSv$ in average and statistically showed very significant difference among the number of portals (p <.01). Number of portals and photoneutron dose are shown that the correlation coefficient is 0.570, highly statistically significant positive correlation (p <.01). As a result of the linear regression analysis of number of portals and photoneutron dose, it showed that photoneutron dose significantly increased by 0.373 times in average as the number of portals increased by 1 stage. In conclusion, this study can be expected to be used as a quantitative basic data to select an appropriate IMRT plans regarding photoneutron dose in radiation treatment for prostate cancer.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.277-288
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• 2010

The multi-level $H_2O/CO_2$ profile system has been widely used to quantify the storage and advection effects on energy and mass fluxes measured by eddy covariance systems. In this study, we expanded the utility of the profile system by accommodating air sampling devices for isotope analyses of water vapor and $CO_2$. A pre-evacuated 2L glass flask was connected to the discharge of an Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA) of the profile system so that airs with known concentration of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ can be sampled. To test the performance of this sampling system, we sampled airs from 8 levels (from 0.1 to 40 m) at the KoFlux tower of Gwangneung deciduous forest, Korea. Air samples in the 2L flask were separated into its component gases and pure $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ were extracted by using a vacuum extraction line. This novel technique successfully produced vertical profiles of ${\delta}D$ of $H_2O$ and ${\delta}^{13}C$ of $CO_2$ in a mature forest, and estimated ${\delta}D$ of evapotranspiration (${\delta}D_{ET}$) and ${\delta}^{13}C$ of $CO_2$ from ecosystem respiration (${\delta}^{13}C_{resp}$) by using Keeling plots. While technical improvement is still required in various aspects, our sampling system has two major advantages over other proposed techniques. First, it is cost effective since our system uses the existing structure of the profile system. Second, both $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ can be sampled simultaneously so that net ecosystem exchange of $H_2O$ and $CO_2$ can be partitioned at the same temporal resolution, which will improve our understanding of the coupling between water and carbon cycles in terrestrial ecosystems.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 2011

This research was conducted to analyze the effects of raising farm on the heritability and breeding values of Hanwoo cows for their carcass traits, including cold carcass weight (CWT), back-fat thickness (BFT), eye-muscle area (EMA) and marbling score (MAR). The carcass data and pedigree data were collected from steers raised on Hanwoo farms in Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, South Korea. Three analytical models were applied for the estimation of heritabilities and breeding values. The first model (model 1) included slaughter house-year-month combination as fixed effects and age at slaughter was fitted as linear and quadratic covariates. The second model (model 2) was similar to model 1, but raising farm was additionally included as random effect. The third model (model 3) was similar to model 1 but farm effects were additionally included as fixed effect. The comparisons between the model 1 and the models including farm effect (model 2 and model 3) revealed that heritability estimates from model 2 or model 3 were smaller to those from model 1 for all carcass traits. Especially, obvious decrease of heritability was observed in CWT where heritability was 0.23 from model 1, 0.15 from model 2 and 0.18 from model 3. The maximum log likelihood of the model 2 and 3 were higher than those of model 1 for all traits. In model 2 that raising farm was included as a random effect, the ratio of farm variance to the total phenotypic variance were ranged from 4% (EMA) to 18% (CWT). Top 10% and bottom 10% of female cows were selected based on the breeding values from model 1, and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficients among models were estimated for each trait within selected group. The correlation coefficients were ranged from 0.57 to 0.95 in top 10% group and from 0.68 to 0.95 in bottom 10% group. These results show that the discrepancies in the rankings of breeding values can be based on the models applied. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study suggest that the herd effect or farm effect should be included in the analytical model when breeding values are estimated with the purpose of improvement of carcass traits of Hanwoo breeding cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.283-288
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• 2011

This study was conducted to study the environment effects on live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, and marbling score, which are the carcass traits of Hanwoo, based on the estimates and all the possible regression for the selection of variable and significance test for 231,382 heads that underwent the carcass measurements. The average and standard deviation for the live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, and marbling score were 654.79${\pm}$91.61 kg, 362.30${\pm}$67.15 kg, 59.52${\pm}$0.03%, 81.79${\pm}$12.21 $cm^2$, 11.39${\pm}$5.40 mm, 4.38${\pm}$2.29, respectively. The live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, eye muscle area, backfat thickness, and marbling score for cow were 532.79${\pm}$78.38 kg, 313.40${\pm}$44.90 kg, 56.50${\pm}$0.03%, 75.24${\pm}$10.69 $cm^2$, 11.82${\pm}$5.10 mm, 4.30${\pm}$2.06, respectively, while for bull were 619.74${\pm}$93.27 kg, 376.89${\pm}$48.62 kg, 58.61${\pm}$0.02%, 85.61${\pm}$10.46 $cm^2$, 5.64${\pm}$2.71 mm, 1.41${\pm}$0.83, respectively, and for steer were 681.78${\pm}$70.72 kg, 415.23${\pm}$49.43 kg, 60.19${\pm}$0.02%, 88.29${\pm}$10.27 $cm^2$, 12.71${\pm}$5.23 mm, 5.42${\pm}$1.99, respectively. In the environmental variables selection based on the variables selection method, the examination by carcass traits suggested that the most appropriate model could be determined when five variables were selected for the live weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, eye muscle area, and four variables for backfat thickness, and marbling score. When they were considered at a time altogether based on multiple traits, it was deemed to be desirable to insert all five variables into the variables for analysis. In addition, high significance was found by carcass traits.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.463-472
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to identify the BMI, diet perception and diet behavior of female university students. A descriptive survey design was used 165 students from October 29 to November 9, 2018. Data were analyzed using mean, t-test, ANOVA, cross analysis with SPSS 21.0. Total diet perception was 3.44 points, highest sub category was 'practice' with 4.00 points, followed by 'information and education' with 3.58 points, 'necessity' with 3.32 points and lowest category was 'self-recognition' with 2.84. 65 students(43.0%) were 'less than three times' in 'Number of diets' and diet methods was 65(43.0%) for 'food control' and 62(41.1%) for 'exercise'. During in a week, 98 students(84.9%) exercised within three hours, followed by 33(21.9%) who did not exercised at all. 22 students(14.6%) said they experienced damage from dieting, while the types included gastrointestinal disease, menstrual irregularity and hair loss. The total score of diet perception according to BMI was lower in the underweight group than in the normal and overweight groups(p<.001). In diet 'practice' category, low weight group scored lower than normal weight and overweight groups(p<.05). In 'information and education' category, overweight group scored the highest, followed by normal and underweight groups(p<.001). In diet 'necessity' and 'self-recognition' categories, low weight group scored lower than normal weight and overweight groups(p<.001). Diet behavior by diet perception was different in number and method of diet(p<.001). Based on the results, it is thought that attention and education are needed to form a proper diet perception and maintain healthy living for female university students.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.08a
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• pp.137-155
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• 1999

Recently, Televiewer(Borehole Acoustic Scanner(Televiewer)) has come to be widely used specially for the general engineering construction design. The Televiewer tool using a focussed acoustic beam is to detect the amplitude and traveltime of each reflected acoustic signal at the wall, resulting in the amplitude- and traveltime image respectively. Fractures can be well detected, because they easily scatter the acoustic energy due to the highly narrow beam. In addition, the drilling work will rough the borehole wall so that the acoustic energy can be scattered simply due to the roughness of the wall. Thus, the amplitude level can be directed associated with the elastic properties(impedance) and the hardness of the rock as well. Meanwhile, the traveltime image provides an information about the borehole shape and can be converted to a high precision 3D caliper log(max. 288 arms). In this paper, based on the high resolution of Televiewer images, general evaluation methods are illustrated to derive very reliable rock parameters.