• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.668-682
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• 2013

This study illustrates the mechanism of The Decrease of Korean population in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YBKAP) and some changes of regional characteristics since China's economic reforming. Due to China's Implementing market economic system, deregulating in family register system, higher mobility since establishing Sino-Korean diplomatic relations, the expansion of intermarriages and residential areas, Korean community is confronted with lower birthrate and continuous mobility of the young and women. It directly connects to a decrease in urban population and aging, causing a decline in farming production, disintegrating of Korean community, weakening the function of villagers' organization, shrinking in Korean education and leaderships. For supplementing the shorted labor, Chinese farmers from other areas flow into the YBKAP, showing some different trends, such as farming Chinesization, Chinese farmers' higher economic level than Korean, the Korean traditional paddy field transforming into dry farmland with single-crop farming and pursuing commercial production in labor management. At the moment, declining population in Korean community in rural areas means that the community could not respond the changes of farming environments appropriately and in some way it is facing with the crisis of die away from the Chinese society. It needs an unconventional support and development policies in YBKAP rural areas.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.280-287
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• 2010

Objective: In spite of increasing dental treatment for the disabled, there was a few collected data on dental treatment status and dentists' perception in Korea. The purpose of this' study is to research the current dental treatment status for the disabled in Korea and to suggest public health policies for the disabled. Material and methods: Total of 68 dentists who have treated the disabled regularly were asked to fill questionnaires regarding dental treatments for the disabled. Results: 1. It is necessary to set up public dental center for the disabled in rural area. 2. In case of dental treatments relating to cerebral palsy, ADHD, autism, the compensation for treatment time and extra investment is needed. 3. Only 39.7% of dentists charged treatment fees to the disabled as same as normal patients. Moreover 38.2% of dentists answered that they didn't charge treatment fees at all when their patient are disabled. 4.23.5% of dentists provided all of dental treatments including dental implant and orthodontic appliances in Korea. However, 54.3% of dentists reported the improvement of access to dental implant, orthodontic and esthetic treatment is needed. 5. It is imperative for the government to improve the support system for the disabled. Conclusions: Through this research only 26.5% of dentists answered that they had received the fund from the government and 11.1% of them were satisfied with the support for the disabled in Korea. This indicated the improvement of government financial support system for the disabled is needed.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.827-858
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• 2011

In Korea, various environmentally harmful subsidies are granted in agriculture, fishery, energy, electricity, transportation, steel and shipbuilding industry. Examples include tax-exempt fuel for agriculture & fishery, VAT- exemption for briquette & anthracite, temporary subsidy for fuel, production stabilizing subsidy for coal mining, subsidy for briquette. Korea's yearly total subsidy in energy area is about 5,291 billion won, among them is 4,870 billion won. To reduce air pollutants and to mitigate climate change, Korea has to review the phase-out of environmentally harmful subsidies and the phase-in of environment-friendly subsidy. The reduction or removal of environmentally harmful subsidies will enhance economic efficiency and bring about environmental benefits. Economic efficiency means less use of inputs, which reduces environmental cost and improves social benefits. This paper applies the Shoven and Whalley's model to the Korean economy and analyzes the general equilibrium incidence effects of reforming environmentally harmful subsidies in the energy and electricity in Korea. We consider several counterfactual scenarios in which current environmentally harmful subsidies are reduced or abolished, compare them with the reference case in the economy, and evaluated the change in efficiency costs and distributional incidence of tax reforms related to subsidies.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 1999

Through manifestation of the principles of commodity production spatial sharing of labour can be observed in the agriculture as well as in cattle production. Better adjustment of the production structure to the environment factors brings higher yields and more effective production. In being able to maximize the profit the entrepreneurs opt for producing output that closely matches to their featuring conditions. In contrary to the relatively high "mobility" of crop production animal husbandry and within this cattle production - as known - is strictly chained to forage production. On the basis of our economic research and as a result of multivariable analysis(factor analysis) it can be concluded that two variable groups(factors) are highly dominant in organizing profitable cattle production. First of them is the crop site factor (indicated by gold crown value), the second is the forage production feature(forage and grassland area and the yield of them). During recent years the weight of environmental factors suffered from devaluation. As a result of the central economic administration differentiating effects were suppressed and the chances of equalizing concepts strengthened. The outcome can be observed even today. In the regions, for example, being predominantly suitable for grass and forage cropping the milk and slaughter cattle production decreased. The same is ture for com and pig production regions. Unexploitment of local environmental features can be observed mainly in grassland management. Branches being potential user of grasslands hardly take them into consideration. Main method of rational use of grasslands is pasturing. Presence of pastures and the usage of them through cattle production is highly important not only for profitable production but also for maintaining ecological stability.

• Korean Journal of Legislative Studies
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.67-99
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• 2018

This study analyzes the revision bills of the National Assembly Law in the 19th National Assembly in which the National Assembly Advancement Act was enacted, with the question "who are involved in the revision of the procedural rules, and what motivates them?" The cosponsor network analysis focusing on primary sponsors of the revision bills shows that the network was constructed by party affiliations. A small number of members with high degree centrality attempted to cooperate with each other at the cosponsoring stage, but the legislation did not pass through the related committee. In addition, this study tests the four competitive hypotheses (the committee hypothesis, the distributive politics hypothesis, the ideological distance hypothesis, and the partisan affiliation hypothesis) about the motivation to propose amendments by using the regression models which include newly measured variables. Only the committee hypothesis and the partisan affiliation hypothesis are empirically supported. This implies that partisan consideration is still significant in amending the National Assembly Law even after the National Assembly Advancement Act, and thus party leaders' willingness to seek bipartisan compromises is at the heart of problem-solving.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.60
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• pp.49-88
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• 2019

Today, the civil society plays a key role not only in criticizing and monitoring the functions of the state and the market, but also as an active producer of public services by complementing the government and the public sector. Public records management is also becoming more and more popular. In the case of appraisal and selection, which is the core area of record management, discussions about citizen participation are becoming more serious than any other areas. The concept of 'proactive appraisal', which has emerged as a paradigm of citizens' participation in appraisal, reminds us that citizens themselves are the subjects of public records and are no longer alienated from the appraisal system. The problem is, while the growth of the Korean civil society about institutional participation is spreading rapidly, but citizen participation is hard to find in the field of public records. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of citizen participation in the process of appraisal of public records, and to debunk the role of citizen participation in the appraisal processes by exploring the examples in the UK, Canada, and Australia. This paper emphasizes that the appraisal system of the national public records in crisis today could be largely restored through the domestic application of this active citizen participation cases. First of all, this study presents a conceptual appraisal model that could reflect citizen participation in the field of record management along with the analyses of the advanced cases in some western countries. Specifically, this paper focuses on presenting the models of 'appraisal documentation' and 'governance-based appraisal', reflecting the active citizen participation. This study suggests that these citizens' participatory evaluation models should be settled in Korea in the future and we should urgently discuss 'citizen participation appraisal'.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.137-161
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• 2012

Traditionally, caring for young children and the elderly has been largely assumed and practiced intensively within the family in Korea. The Korean government established residual protection systems for the elderly as well as children whose needs could not be met by their family members alone. However, in the 21st century, a number of social forces have made it necessary to expand the state's intervention in the care provisions. The primary forces include the ageing process, low fertility, change in the women's labour market participation, changes in the family formation and dissolution, and changes in the people's perceptions of familial responsibilities regarding caring for other family members. This paper employs and further develops the idea of the care diamond conceived by the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Project in relation to the political and social economy of care and applies it to Korea's social care expansions. The analysis demonstrates that the roles of the public and the market sector, in case of child care, increased while those of the third sector decreased. Apropos of the elderly care, the role of the market expanded dramatically, followed by that of and the state and the third sector. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the fundamental characteristics of Korea's care provision for children and the elderly have remained unchanged and even strengthened where the elderly care is concerned. The bulk of personal care demand is still met within the family, particularly by female members of the household.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3D
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• pp.295-302
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• 2010

Since the late 1990s, the BOT mode in China has been extensively used in the water sector in order to attract private investment, improve technical and operational efficiency, and expand the coverage of water services. The BOT mode has been hailed as this provides a win-win structure between the government and private players through formalized procedures and an optimal risk allocation. However, recent market analyses show that some foreign investors are reluctant to participate in the market or even retreat due to uncertainties and risks in the market. This study aims to explore various risks in the Chinese water BOT market based on the thorough literature review, fieldwork, and the case studies on the two wholly foreign-owned BOT water projects: the Chengdu No. 6 and the Shanghai Dachang Water Supply BOT projects. The research results indicate that the Chinese BOT market embraces high risks in political, institutional and legal, and financial systems. The key to a successful takeoff of the BOT mode in the Chinese water market depends on the extent to which the government will be able to remove risky factors in political, institutional and legal, and financing systems. This research outcome will provide a useful reference to the Korean construction companies which consider expanding business to overseas water markets in the form of public private partnership.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.48
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• pp.195-223
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• 2012

Until now, I guess, many scholars misunderstood the characteristic of economic awareness of Yi Hang-no as if it was a modern nationalism or radicalism against Japanese anti-Korean insistences. But I think these opinions are out of historical attitude. So to understand Yi's economic awareness correctly, I think, We should focus on the traditional Confucian thought system at that time. As one method to reach the goal, I focused on the word, Jeong-jeon-je: Oriental equal land system. Yi Hang-no put the importance on Jeong-jeon-je to make utopia he dreamed of. Yi thought Jeong-jeon-je is the basis of equal society and strong state. Also Yi thought a moral society would be achieved by Jeong-jeon-je because the equal land system, so called Jeong-jeon-je provide peasants with equal lands, so it makes peasants stable in economic situation. Especially, Yi Hang-no put importance on that Jeong-jeon-je would raise moral consciousness of people because equal economic condition makes people wealthy, so people would be good men naturally. Yi Hang-no explain it in basis of Insim-Dosim-seol: a theory of two minds bad & good to be. Yi Hang-no thought equal economic condition is the basis of making people moral being. He thought Jeong-jeon-je was a basis of the condition. Reversely, Yi thought Western insists of trade was the beginning of making people fight for individual benefit, so it produces devil selfishness out of human mind. That was the reason that Yi Hang-no opposed the trade with Western Powers. Eventually Yi's assertion of embargo came out of his Insim-Dosim-seol. In this context, Yi's Jeong-jeon-je was insisted as a method to raise human moral consciousness.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.215-236
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• 2006

This article focused on the meaning of the 1979 Moon Treaty and its future. Although the Moon Treaty is one of the major 5 space related treaties, it was accepted by only 11 member states which are non-space powers, thus having the least enfluences on the field of space law. And this article analysed the relationship between the 1979 Moon Treay and 1967 Space Treaty which was the first principle treaty, and searched the meaning of the "Common Heritage of Mankind(hereinafter CHM)" stipulated in the Moon treaty in terms of international law. This article also dealt with the present and future problems arising from the Moon Treaty. As far as the 1967 Space Treaty is concerned the main standpoint is that outer space including the moon and the other celestial bodies is res extra commercium, areas not subject to national appropriation like high seas. It proclaims the principle non-appropriation concerning the celestial bodies in outer space. But the concept of CHM stipulated in the Moon Treaty created an entirely new category of territory in international law. This concept basically conveys the idea that the management, exploitation and distribution of natural resources of the area in question are matters to be decided by the international community and are not to be left to the initiative and discretion of individual states or their nationals. Similar provision is found in the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention that operates the International Sea-bed Authority created by the concept of CHM. According to the Moon Treaty international regime will be established as the exploitation of the natural resources of the celestial bodies other than the Earth is about to become feasible. Before the establishment of an international regime we could imagine moratorium upon the expoitation of the natural resources on the celestial bodies. But the drafting history of the Moon Treaty indicates that no moratorium on the exploitation of natural resources was intended prior to the setting up of the international regime. So each State Party could exploit the natural resources bearing in mind that those resouces are CHM. In this respect it would be better for Korea, now not a party to the Moon Treaty, to be a member state in the near future. According to the Moon Treaty the efforts of those countries which have contributed either directly or indirectly the exploitation of the moon shall be given special consideration. The Moon Treaty, which although is criticised by some space law experts represents a solid basis upon which further space exploration can continue, shows the expression of the common collective wisdom of all member States of the United Nations and responds the needs and possibilities of those that have already their technologies into outer space.