• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.400-407
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• 2011

To evaluate the aquatic ecological characteristics in Sinpyongcheon constructed wetlands for treating nonpoint source pollution, the removal rates of nutrients in water, the total amounts of T-N and T-P uptakes by water plants, and chemical characteristics of T-N and T-P in sediment were investigated. The concentrations of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P in inflow were 0.07~1.47, 0.60~2.65, 0.50~4.60, 1.38~6.26 and $0.08{\sim}0.32mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P were 14%, 6%, 18%, 24%, and 10%, respectively. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August was $813mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Phragmites communis TRIV in $2^{nd}$ bed, $1,172mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Typha orientalis PRESL in $3^{rd}$ bed, respectively. The maximum amount of T-P uptake by water plants in August was $247mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Phragmites communis TRIV in $2^{nd}$ bed, $359mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Typha orientalis PRESL in $3^{rd}$ bed, respectively. Organic matter, T-N, and T-P contents in sediments were high in the order of $1^{st}$ bed > $2^{nd}$ bed > $3^{rd}$ bed. Microbial biomass C/N/P ratios in sediments in $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, and $3^{rd}$ were 78~110/3~6/1, 73~204/1~6/1, and 106~169/1~6/1, respectively.

• Exercise Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-190
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• 2012

This study is to evaluate the availability of cardiorespiratory fitness measurement by 20 m shuttle run test based upon energy contribution rates of elite athletes in different sports type. Sixty-seven elite athletes attending K national university participated in this study. They were divided by three groups based upon sports type, composed of Anaerobic Group (sprint, jumps, weightlifting, throw; n=35), Aerobic Group (medium-long distance; n=9), and Combat Sport Group (judo; n=23). 20 m shuttle run test was conducted by Leger et al.(1982) method and calculating acceleration using measured shuttle run repetitions was conducted by Brewer et al.(1988) method. To test the usefulness of VO₂max, graded exercise treadmill test was conducted and standing long jump and 50 m run were measured as power fitness factors. Z-jump was used for measuring power, agility, and muscular endurance. Standing long jump and 50 m run of Anaerobic Group (AnG) was significantly higher than that of Aerobic Group (AeG) and Combat Sport Group (CG) (p<0.05). However, Z-jump of CG was significantly higher than that of AnG and AeG(p<.05). There was a higher correlation of 20 m shuttle run test and VO₂max in AnG(r= 0.577, p<.0001) and CG(r= 0.760, p<.0001). Otherwise, there was a low correlation of 20 m shuttle run test and VO₂max in AeG. There was no significant group difference to test the availability of 20 m shuttle run test and there was a reduced error when converting 20 m shuttle run results into VO₂max. This study examined the usefulness of 20 m shuttle run test by converting 20 m shuttle run repetition results into VO₂max calculation, which showed reduced error. Therefore, this study confirmed that it would be needed to convert 20 m shuttle run results into VO₂max for universal and practical use in the field without dividing sports type.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.547-556
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• 2019

Purpose: This study evaluated the results of surgical treatment for residual or recurrent deformity after the conservative treatment of idiopathic clubfoot. Materials and Methods: Fifty-one cases (32 patients), who were followed up to skeletal maturity, were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age at the last follow-up was 18.7 years. The surgical options included selective or comprehensive soft tissue release, tendon lengthening and transfer, and various types of osteotomy. The radiology measurements included the talocalcaneal angle and talo-first metatarsal angle in the anteroposterior (AP) view, and the talocalcaneal angle and calcaneal pitch in the lateral view. The radiology measurements were compared with the normal values for adults. The clinical evaluations were made using the ankle-hindfoot score and the midfoot score of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS): excellent (>85), good (71-85), pair (56-70), and poor (<56). Results: At the last follow-up, the percentages of the 51 cases, whose parameter values fell within the normal ranges were as follows: in the AP view, 41.2% (talocalcaneal angle); and 90.2% (talo-first metatarsal angle). In the lateral view, the percentage was 84.3% (talocalcaneal angle). For the calcaneal pitch, the percentages were 61%. The mean AOFAS score was 88.1±10.7 on the ankle-hindfoot score and 86.7±11.5 on the midfoot score. Conclusion: The long-term outcome of patients with idiopathic clubfoot, who underwent surgical treatment after conservative treatment, was found to be 43%-90% of the normal range of radiographic indices. Clinically, the mean AOFAS scores were "excellent". Therefore, a satisfactory result can be obtained by analyzing the elements of deformity more accurately and then using the selective operation method, even if the non-surgical correction method fails.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2010

Purpose: The Xpress3.$cardiac^{TM}$ which is a kind of wide beam reconstruction (WBR) method developed by UltraSPECT (Haifa, Israel) enables the acquisition of at quarter time while maintaining image quality. The purpose of this study is to investigate the usefulness of WBR method for decreasing scan times and to compare to it with filtered back projection (FBP), which is the method routinely used. Materials and Methods: Phantom and clinical studies were performed. The anthropomorphic torso phantom was made on an equality with counts from patient's body. The Tl-201 concentrations in the compartments were 74 kBq (2 ${\mu}Ci$)/cc in myocardium, 11.1 kBq (0.3 ${\mu}Ci$)/cc in soft tissue, and 2.59 kBq (0.07 ${\mu}Ci$)/cc in lung. The non-gated Tl-201 myocardial perfusion SPECT data were acquired with the phantom. The former study was scanned for 50 seconds per frame with FBP method, and the latter study was acquired for 13 seconds per frame with WBR method. Using the Xeleris ver. 2.0551, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and average image contrast were compared. In clinical studies, we analyzed the 30 patients who were examined by Tl-201 gated myocardial perfusion SPECT in department of nuclear medicine at Asan Medical Center from January to April 2010. The patients were imaged at full time (50 second per frame) with FBP algorithm and again quarter-time (13 second per frame) with the WBR algorithm. Using the 4D MSPECT (4DM), Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS), and Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) software, the summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score (SRS), summed difference score, end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and ejection fraction (EF) were analyzed for their correlations and statistical comparison by paired t-test. Results: As a result of the phantom study, the WBR method improved FWHM more than about 30% compared with FBP method (WBR data 5.47 mm, FBP data 7.07 mm). And the WBR method's average image contrast was also higher than FBP method's. However, in result of quantitative indices, SSS, SDS, SRS, EDV, ESV, EF, there were statistically significant differences from WBR and FBP(p<0.01). In the correlation of SSS, SDS, SRS, there were significant differences for WBR and FBP (0.18, 0.34, 0.08). But EDV, ESV, EF showed good correlation with WBR and FBP (0.88, 0.89, 0.71). Conclusion: From phantom study results, we confirmed that the WBR method reduces an acquisition time while improving an image quality compared with FBP method. However, we should consider significant differences in quantitative indices. And it needs to take an evaluation test to apply clinical study to find a cause of differences out between phantom and clinical results.