• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.23
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• pp.31-48
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• 2020

Conservation treatment of stone cultural properties in the open air is mainly conducted by companies specialized in conservation treatment. This study presents cases of conservation treatment of stone cultural properties housed outdoors in Seoul, including the Three-story Stone Pagoda at Nakseongdae in Gwanak-gu. The present condition of and damage to stone cultural properties are investigated and the materials and techniques used for conservation treatment are presented. The contamination on the surface of stone cultural properties located in downtown areas shows features specific to the related areas, meaning each case requires tailored conservation techniques. This study is expected to serve as reference for future conservation treatment of stone cultural properties in Seoul as well as others in museum collections exhibited outdoors. It is hoped that the cases presented in this study can become widely known to people in charge of conservation treatment in the private and public sectors to improve the quality of conservation treatment applied to stone cultural properties.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 1998

Seasonal changes of topography, sediment grain size and accumulation rate in the Gomso-Bay tidal flat, west coast of Korea, have been studied in order to understand the seasonal accumulation pattern and preservation potential of the tidal-flat sediments. Seasonal levelings across the tidal flat show that the landward movement of both intertidal sand shoals and cheniers accelerates during the winter and typhoon periods, but it almost stops in summer when mud deposition is instead predominant at the middle and upper tidal flats. Seasonal variations of mean grain size were largest on the upper part of middle tidal flat where summer mud layers were eroded during the winter and typhoon periods. Measurements of accumulation depths from sea floor to basal plate reveal that accumulation rates were seasonally controlled according to the elevation of tidal-flat surface. The upper tidal flat where the accumulation rate of summer was generally higher than that of winter was characterized by a continuous deposition throughout the entire year, whereas in the middle tidal flat, sediment accumulations were concentrated in winter relative to summer and were intermittently eroded by typhoons. The lower tidal flat were deposited mostly in winter and eroded during summer typhoons. Can cores taken across the tidal flat reveal that sand-mud interlayers resulting from such seasonal changes of energy regime are preserved only in the upper part of the deposits and generally replaced by storm layers downcore. Based on above results, it is suggested that the storm deposits by winter storms and typhoons would consist of the major part of the Gomso-Bay sediments.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.11
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

The National Chuncheon Museum has carried out a conservation process in order to prevent corrosion of the seated iron Śākyamuni Buddha statue from Goreyo Dysnasty for its exhibition. Before the conservation process, the surface of the artifact showed exfoliation and the artifact was damaged from rear to legs so exhibition was impossible. Therefore a process to get rid of pollution and to reinforce and protect the artifact was carried out. Before the reinforcing process, a basic test was carried out using micro crystalline wax type with reference to foreign and domestic experiment results. As a result, as wax(in xylene) 5wt% of Dongnam petrochemical Ltd. showed no efflorescence and little change in surface color and was convenient to use, it was chosen as a reinforcing agent and used to suppress corrosion. For the restoration of damaged parts, an internal support was made and used with an epoxy resin, allowing removable restoration, thus increasing effectiveness for exhibition.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.218-231
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• 2012

A total of 126 fossil scaphopods (121 specimens from the Hagjeon Formation and 5 specimens from the Duho Formation) were found from the Cenozoic strata, Hagjeon and Duho Formations, Pohang Basin, Korea. Five species belonging two genera (Fissidentalium yokoyamai, F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B) were classified: the most dominant species is Fissidentalium yokoyamai. The species of Fissidentalium yokoyamai is characterized by curved shell (accuration=3.90%) and very closely spaced longitudinal ribs on shell surfaces, while the species of Rhabdus is a nearly straight shell characterized by concentric growth lines without longitudinal ribs. Identification of two genera is somewhat easy due to such morphological differences but classification at generic level is hard because diagnostic features (e.g., cross section and apical structure) are lost in the most specimens. Consequently, except for Fissidentalium yokoyamai, the rest were classified temporarily as F. sp. A, B, and Rhabdus sp. A, B. Two types of preservation state were recognized: one is three-dimensionally preserved specimen (3D specimen) and the other is compressed specimen. Internal parts of the 3D specimen is filled with clastic sediments identical to the surrounding sediments of the shells, which is not observed in the compressed specimens. It is, thus, concluded that the 3D fossils were originally empty but internal cavity were immediately filled with the sediments, which may have protect from the compaction due to pressure during deposition of the gravelly to coarse sandstone of the Hagjeon Formation.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2010

The Seosanmaaesamjonbulsang (National Treasure No. 84) consists of light gray and coarse to mediumgrained biotite granite with partly developed pegmatite and quartz vein. The host rock is divided into dozens of rock blocks with various shape along irregular discontinuity plane. The evaluation results of discontinuity systems reveal that the host rock were exposed to instable sloping environments. Results of deterioration diagnosis show that the degree of damage has been made worse by physical weathering and surface discoloration laying stress on part that vertical and horizontal joints are massed. Generally, deterioration rate of the triad Buddha surface cover with 42.7%, however, the rate of physical weathering and surface discoloration are subdivided to 9.6% and 33.1%, respectively. Ultrasonic measurements indicate that the triad Buddha was reached highly weathered grade in general. And the rock material was weaken to show low velocity zone of 1,000m/s along irregular joint systems. Indoor and outdoor mean relative humidity of the shelter was recorded more than 70% during every season, and high frequency appears in high relative humidity range over 95%. Such environments seem to have produced dew condensation on the rock surface with rainfall and supply water, promoted physical, chemical and biological weathering along crack and joint, resulting in high permeation of water and percentage of water content. Therefore, it is judged that for scientific conservation of the triad Buddha it needs environment control through persistent preservation environment monitoring including water problem.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 2019

The gilt bronze statue, Seated Avalokiteshvara with a Thousand Hands, of the Goryeo dynasty, is the only one in Korea of its kind that has undergone a conservation process for the special exhibition entitled GORYEO: The Glory of Korea. For the conservation treatment, first, a component analysis (XRF) was conducted, and a manufacturing technique (CT) was analyzed. The results of the investigation revealed that the statue was alloyed with Cu, Sn, and Pb ternary bronze. Its surface, except for the detached plating layers, was originally plated using the mercury amalgam method. This statue was assembled after separately casting each part of the body, such as the left and right arms and the wrists, including the hands, with objects. In particular, each wrist was cast and fitted with a metal nail to express each object in the hands more precisely. Inside the statue, there were five iron cores: two for the head, one for the left elbow, one for the right flank, and one for the right waist. For the preservative treatment, natural adhesive agents, including vegetable gelatin and glue (20%), were mixed with alcohol to protect the base metal and adhere to the plating layers. Using synthetic resin (CDK 520+SN-sheet) for the damaged parts, the restored parts could be attached and detached to/from the statue. Eventually, the compositional analysis and conservation treatment left the statue in a stable condition and ready for exhibitions and future studies.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.89-113
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• 2023

This study investigates and analyzes the 16th Presidential records (record management secretary's office) from a record-recognition perspective and, based on the results, suggests the Presidential record management plan. To this end, the function of the records management secretary's office was first analyzed, and the 16th Presidential records transferred to the Presidential Archives were reviewed from a general perspective. Next, the nature of the records was investigated in a deductive, top-down manner by quantitatively analyzing the "production system type," "preservation period," "reason for determining the retention period," "management department," "electronic record type," "production year," etc., focusing on the "records file/item," "unit task," and "function." Finally, the characteristics and problems revealed during the record analysis were summarized. Based on the analysis results, a plan was proposed to redesign Presidential record management for the "reorganization" and "service" parts of the records.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Rock Mechanics Conference
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• 2002.03a
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• pp.19-26
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• 2002

서울시에 건설될 새로운 내부 남부순한 도로는 제2 성산대교와 서쪽의 주요 고속화 도로를 연결하는 초고속 도로망을 구축할 것이다. 노선연장은 지하구조물 10.4km를 포함하여 총 34.8km에 달한다. 도로망이 완성되면 수도 서울 중심가의 심한 교통체증은 상당부분 완화 될 것이다. 공사비 7000억원에 이르는 대규모의 서울 남부순환 도로는 3차선 병렬터널 3개 공구를 포함하는 것으로 계획되어졌다. 이들 터널은 3차선, 일방향, 병렬터널로서 계곡부를 관통하며 굴착공법은 대부분 발파공법으로 계획되어져 있다. 가장 긴 관악터널은 지질조건이 복잡하며 따라서, 이런 지반에 적용성이 좋은 발파공법에 의한 굴착으로 계획되어졌다. 특히, 갱구부는 지질상태가 매우 불량하여 풍화암 자연상태로 설계하는 것이 불가능하였다. 설계자들은 터널 화재와 교통사고 등과 같은 터널내에서의 긴급상황에 대한 최적의 대책 수립에 중점을 두어야만 했다. 관악 터널 상부에 위치한 수로관을 통과하는 방법을 찾는 것이 당면 최대 관건이었다. 또한, 갱구부 주변지역의 환경을 보존하고 현장의 자연적인 아름다움 을 유지하기 위하여 굴착량을 최소화하는 공법선정이 중요하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.167-174
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• 2000

거제도 남동 해안지역의 한려해상국립공원 보호구역에서 해상자원의 보존을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 거제도 일운면 예구리, 남부면 다대리 및 남부면 저구리 해얀지역에서 1999년 6월부터 2000년 3월까지 어류상 조사를 실시하였다. 조사를 통하여 확인된 어류는 총 16목 47목 69속 85 종 2, 789개체가 채집되었으며, 45종이 출현한 농어목(Perciformes), 10종씩 출현한 가자미목 (Pleuronectiformes) 및 횟대목(Scorpaseniformes)의대부분 저서생활을 하는 어류가 주로 채집되었다. 전체 조사기간 동안 가장 만하은 개체가수가 채집된 어류를 줄비늘치(Coelorhyncus multispinulosus) 458개체(16.4%)로 확인되었고 칠서대(Cynoglossus interruptus) 384개채(13.8%), 노랑촉수(Upeneus bensasi) 285개체(10.2%) 등의 순 이었다. 조사시간 6월에 가장 다양하고 풍부한 어류가 채집되었다.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.11
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Conservation re-treatment of dagger and scabbard in Gyeongju National Museum, which were excavated from Gyerim-ro Tomb No. 14 (Treasure No. 635) was carried out after a wide-scale dissembling in order for publishing a report and holding a special exhibition. The interior shape of the iron dagger which was disclosed by ornament plates was confirmed by X-ray investigation. The results of XRF analysis which was used to analyse compositions of the golden ornament plates reveal that having more than 3% of copper distinguishes it from other Silla gold artifacts. The conservation treatment progressed in a way that surface contaminants were removed and insecure areas were consolidated. The original shape of the iron dagger and scabbard was found after adhering and restoration. With the ornament plates staying on the iron dagger, a stand in acrylic for display and storage was made, which is able to place the dagger and scabbard in the safest way.