• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 1985

This study has been carried out in order to investigate the bacterial quality of fish meat paste products and the characteristics of isolated thermodurics from the products. Twenty samples of crab-flavored fish stick (Kematsal), 23 samples of plate fish meat paste (Panomuk, Kamaboko), 5 samples of fried fish meat paste (Tigimomuk), 2 samples of roasted fish meat paste (Puduromuk, Chikuwa), 20 samples of fish sausage were collected from processing plants and supermarkets in Pusan, Korea during the period from May to October in 1984. The results obtained are as follows. Amont the samples collected from supermarkets, roasted fish meat paste and fried fish meat paste marked hish counts in coliforms and fungi while very low in the samples of crab-flavored fish stick and plate fish meat paste. Salmonella was not detected in all the samples examined and Staphylococcus aureus was detected only in fried fish meat paste, Thermoduric bacteria were detected less than 10$^2$/g in the samples of crab-flavored fish stick and plate fish meat paste, which might come from subsidiary materials such as starch and seasonings. Among the isolated bacteria, distribution of the proteolytics were more than 87％ and the lipolytics were less than 20％. Gram positive bacteria was more than 70％ in crab-flavored fish stick and plate fish meat paste, 47.3％ in fried fish meat paste. And rod in shape was almost more than 90％ in all the samples. The most heat resistant bacterium isolated from the samples was identified as a Bacillus licheniformis(named B. licheniformis CR-11). The strain showed strong proteolytic activity and also grew well at above 2$0^{\circ}C$. The growth rate and generation time of CR-11 strain were 0.31 hr$^{-1}$ , 2.24 hr at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 0.64 hr$^{-1}$ , 1.09 hr at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 0.78 hr$^{-1}$ , 0.89 hr at 35$^{\circ}C$. Heat resistance value of the spores of CR-11 strain suspended in phosphate buffer solution was D$_{85}$ $^{\circ}C$=41.9 min, D$_{90}$ $^{\circ}C$=27.9 min, D$_{95}$ $^{\circ}C$=10.2 min, D$_{100}$ $^{\circ}C$=4.3 min (Z=13.8$^{\circ}C$)

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.723-734
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• 2010

This study aims to analyze the change in vegetation for 10 years after the construction, targeting Suwoncheon, the first domestic ecological stream construction project. As for the section for the study, the section from Gyeonggi bridge to Youngyeon bridge, the first restoration project section, was targeted. The research districts consisted of 3 districts depending on topographical structure. Investigation check cosisted of cross-sectional topographical structure, vegetation status and the structure of herbaceous plant community. As for the cross-sectional topographical structure of the stream, the width of entire stream was 26.5~28.0m and water channel is 10~20m. The area for hydrophilic space was securing spacious riverside. Upper stream of reservoir beam was shallow and slow in reservoir area above weir. Lower stream of reservoir beam, the width of water channel was narrow and ripples were formed. Among species, 9 plants were planted and 6 species plants including Salix gracilistyla, Phragmites communis and Zoysia japonica were planted at the time of construction. In the water side, there were 2 species, such as Zoysia japonica and Trifolium repens, etc, still remained after seeding at the time of constrcution. The planted plants which were observed through this investigation, were 2 species such as Festuca arundinacea and Dactylis glomerata. Apart from the planted plants, arid climate herbaceous plant such as Setaria viridis and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis formed power and the naturalized species variously emerged in 15 species. For revetment, natural stone stacking method was condicted and Salix gracilistyla, Aceriphyllum rossii, etc were planted. But all the planted plants disappeared and now it was covered with Equisetum arvense and Humulus japonicus. It was because that the base for growth and development of the plants was not constructed at the time of restoration in a way of attaching natural stones onto the concrete base. In the water channel, various wetland species including Typha orientalis, Acorus calamus var. angustatus and Phragmites communis, etc, were planted but only Salix gracilistyla, Phragmites communis and Zizania latifolia remained. As for species of the autochthons, Persicaria thunbergii was dominant. In the lower stream of reservoir beam, Humulus japonicus formed forces. In the hydrophilic space, it was necessary to direct the landscape of in-stream vegetation in cosideration of users. For this, planting Miscanthus sacchariflorus in a community was proposed. In the upper stream of reservoir beam, suplementary screen seeding was necessary so that Zizania latifolia, Typha orientalis and Phragmites communis can fit the depth of water. In the Lower stream of reservoir beam, it was necessary to constantly manage Humulus japonicus so that the wetland autochthons species, such as Phragmites communis and Persicaria thunbergii can establish power more stably.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.400-407
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• 2011

To evaluate the aquatic ecological characteristics in Sinpyongcheon constructed wetlands for treating nonpoint source pollution, the removal rates of nutrients in water, the total amounts of T-N and T-P uptakes by water plants, and chemical characteristics of T-N and T-P in sediment were investigated. The concentrations of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P in inflow were 0.07~1.47, 0.60~2.65, 0.50~4.60, 1.38~6.26 and $0.08{\sim}0.32mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P were 14%, 6%, 18%, 24%, and 10%, respectively. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August was $813mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Phragmites communis TRIV in $2^{nd}$ bed, $1,172mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Typha orientalis PRESL in $3^{rd}$ bed, respectively. The maximum amount of T-P uptake by water plants in August was $247mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Phragmites communis TRIV in $2^{nd}$ bed, $359mg\;plant^{-1}$ for Typha orientalis PRESL in $3^{rd}$ bed, respectively. Organic matter, T-N, and T-P contents in sediments were high in the order of $1^{st}$ bed > $2^{nd}$ bed > $3^{rd}$ bed. Microbial biomass C/N/P ratios in sediments in $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, and $3^{rd}$ were 78~110/3~6/1, 73~204/1~6/1, and 106~169/1~6/1, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

The flora, distribution area, vegetation structure, annual net primary production, and nutrient uptake of the vascular hydrophytes, hygrophytes and mesophytes were investigated in the wetlands of the Asan-Lake, Chungchongnam-do and Kyonggi-do, Korea from March to October in 1997 to reveal the correlation between the plant community and the lake environment. The flora was composed of 38 families, 89 genera, 106 species, 14 varieties or total 120 kinds of the vascular plants. The life from of the hydrophytes were classified as 14 kinds of emergent plants, 5 kinds of submerged plants, and 4 kinds of free-floating plants, respectively. The number of species was various to 4 ∼85 kinds in each site. The dominant species was Zizania latifolia, and the importance values of Zizania latifolia, Typha orientalis, Phragmites communis, and Spirodela polyrhiza were 39.58, 14.90, 13.97, and 7.64, respectively. The distribution area of the emergent hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and mesophytes was 49.3 ㏊ (90.5%), and free-floating plants was 5.2 ㏊ (9.5%), whereas the floating-leaved and submersed plants were rare. Annual net production of the emergent hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and mesophytes was 547.9 ton D.W./yr (98%), and those of the free-floating plants was 10.5 ton D.W./yr (2%), and 558.4 ton D.W./yr in the whole lake ecosystem. The total uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by the vascular plants was 7,099 and 1,891 ㎏/yr in the whole lake ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.466-476
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• 2014

In this study, 10 species of plants with high adaptability to aquatic environments were compared for selecting plant species suitable for vegetation-based low impact development (LID) facilities. The flooding tolerances of the plants were tested by analyzing their growth status under half-immersion and full-immersion conditions, with varying durations of immersion. In decreasing order of flooding tolerance, the comparative analysis of plant height and leaf width is as follows: Hemerocallis fulva, Juncus effusus var. decipiens, Iris pseudoacorus, Phragmites communis TRIN, Typha orientalis C.Presl, Aster koraiensis Nakai, Iris sanguinea, Equisetum hyemale, Acorus calamus. Specifically, Hemerocallis fulva, Juncus effusus var. decipiens. Iris pseudoacorus showed excellent growth status under both immersion conditions. Iris sanguinea and Equisetum hyemale. withered to death by around day 27 of the experiment, but their flooding tolerance was confirmed to be relatively high. Iris pseudoacoru showed flooding tolerance under the half-immersion condition unlike under the full-immersion condition, when compared on day 21 of the experiment. Aster koraiensis Nakai also thrived better under the half-immersion condition, proving to be a highly immersion-resistant species. On the basis of the results of this experiment, Hemerocallis fulva, Juncus effusus var. decipiens and Iris pseudoacorus, Typha orientalis C.Presl were selected as species suitable for vegetation-based LID facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.96-109
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to sort out the plants in "The Book of Songs", and to analyze the cultural significance of plants from the viewpoint of the symbolic elements and the landscape elements in the 3~11 century BC. The conclusions are as follows. First, there were 147 plant names and 136 plant species in "The Book of Songs", and these results can confirm that the plants were existed in the 3~11 century BC. Second, through analyzing the cultural significance of the plants, cattail, lotus, etc. are the symbol of lovers; peony and willow are the symbol of farewell; bamboo is the symbol of gentleman; and Japanese pepper is the symbol of fecundity. Third, at the viewpoint of the landscape elements, the poplar, dwarf elm, etc. can be used as a place of affection; reed and nepenthe can make a place of melancholy, hazel and chestnut tree, etc. can make a place of power and position, celery and water shield etc. can be used as a place of knowledge. Based on the research of "The Book of Songs", it can help to understand the plants culture in 3~11 century BC, and it will be a useful information for the plant design.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.34-47
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• 2009

AMS radiocarbon dates indicated that Eurimji reservoir, located at Jecheon City, Chungbuk Province, has been formed during the late Holocene Epoch. The sedimentary sequence at bottom reveals histories in hydrology, climate conditions and past vegetation dynamics. Ages controlled sedimentological and palynological analyses on ER 3-1 Core contribute to reconstruct paleoclimate and past hydrological conditions. These analyses suggest that lower interval (307.5m~309.5m elevations) of the ER 3-1 Core was deposited in stable from 1,920 yrBP to 1,420 yrBP, but upper layer sediment above these elevations was composed of reworked sediments during the pre and post 2,000 yrBP. Pollen assemblage indicates that watershed vegetation of the Eurimji reservoir, during the period of 1,920 yrBP~1,420 yrBP, was closely comparable to modern vegetation dominated Pinus and Quercus mixed vegetation. Also, riparian including Alnus, Fraxinus and Salix were inhabited along the banks of stream, and aquatics such as Typha, Nymphaea and Persicaria flourished at shore of the reservoir. According to cultural chronicle, it infers that the Eurimji reservoir was formed from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age or the beginning of ancient society. An integrated data suggested that Quercus-Pinus-Abies mixed forest flourished under cool and dry climate conditions during 3,200 yrBP~200 yrBP.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 1999

In order to obtain necessary data for the use of hydrophytes to improve water quality of artificial lakes, production and nutrients absorption by some macrohydrophytes were investigated in a small water course at Woongcheon, Chungnam Province. The maximum above-ground standing biomass of Phragmites communis, Typha angustifolia and Zizania latifolia stand were 3,504 g/m$x^2$, 2,834 g/m$x^2$ and 3,125 g/m$x^2$, respectively. Estimated below-ground standing biomass of each stand were 9,671 g/m$x^2$,5,158 g/m$x^2$ and 5,813 g/m$x^2$, respectively. Concentration of nutrients in each organ was different among plant species. Maximum amount of standing nitrogen was the highest in the reed stand and that of standing phosphorus was the highest in the cattail stand. Amount of maximum standing nutrients are 2795.6 kgN/ha and 42.5 kgP/ha for the reed stand, 1,413 kg N/ha and 24.8 kgP/ha for the cattail stand and 1.901.1 kgN/ha and 38.4 kgP/ha for the wild rice stand, respectively. According to our investigation, it is concluded that reed, cattail and wild rice are suitable for water quality improvement of artificial lakes through nutrients absorption.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

Many irrigated and drainage canals, reservoirs, lakes, and rivers are choked by the explosive growth of aquatic weeds, resulting in enormous direct loss in Korea. Distribution of aquatic weeds and exotic invasive plant species in irrigation and drainage waterways, and riparian wetlands was reviewed to provide basic information for management of aquatic weeds and invasive plant species in wetlands. Dominant emergent weeds in canals, reservoirs and lakes were Phragmites communis, Leersia japonica, Zizania latifolia, Conyza canadensis, C. annuus, Rumex crispus, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Bidens frondosa, and Oenothera odorata. Dominant emergent weeds in wetlands of rivers include Digitaria sanguinalis, P. communis, R. crispus, Artemisia princeps, Humulus japonicus, Echinochloa crusgalli, B. frondosa, and Persicaria thunbergii. In irrigation and drainage canals and lakes, dominant submersed weeds were Hydrilla verticillata, Najas minor, Potamogeton malaianus, P. crispus, Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Salvinia natans, and Trapa natans. Dominant exotic weeds in wetlands include Trifolium repens, O. odorata, C. annuus, B. frondosa, Avena fatua, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, X. strumarium, and P. dichotomiflorum. Approaches to aquatic weed control were mechanical, chemical and biological control techniques. Periodic monitoring of aquatic weeds and exotic weeds, and their integrated management studies are needed in waterways and riparian wetlands in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.153-165
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• 2003

This study was conducted to get some information on plants abilities to enhance water purification and to find out away to conserve the ecosystem in Mankyeong river. Vegetation were surveyed at 4 sites pointing by 1:5,000 topographical map, from June 2001 through March 2002. T-N content in water were high in all sites of Mankyeong river, the average T-N levels were 8.59 and 17.23 mg/L, summer and winter, respectively. The average T-P level during summer was 0.47 mg/L but that was 1.79 mg/L during winter. The BOD level in Mankyeong upstream ranged from 0.95 to 2.57 mg/L which would be in I or II grade according to water quality criteria by Ministry of Environment but BOD level in Mankyeong downstream ranged from 6.87 to 9.72 mg/L. The plant species of river flora were found 251, 98 and 85, upstream midstream and down stream, respectively. Among the surveyed plants, Ceratophyllum demersum, submerged plant and Nuphar subinteperrimum took up higher contents of phosphate and nitrogen than other piano. The Phragmites communis and Zizania latifolia having much biomass were thought to be suitable plants for enhancement of e natural water purification.