• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.229-252
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 실무 및 학계에 종사하는 45명의 전문가 집단을 대상으로 쌍별비교(pairwise comparision)에 의한 설문조사에서 얻어진 전문가들의 의견을 AHP 분석을 통하여 종합하는 과정을 거쳐 부도예측모형을 설계하여 검증한 뒤, LOGIT모형과 비교하였다. 본 연구에 의하면 부도예측모형에서 정량적인 정보보다 정성적인 정보가 더 중요한 역할을 한다는 D.Bunn-G.Wright(1991)의 연구와 일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 발견된 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째로 LOGIT 모형과 AHP 모형에서 모두 정량적인 정보만을 고려하는 경우보다 정성적인 정보를 함께 고려한 모형에서 부도예측율이 더 높은 것으로 나타나고 있어 부도가능성을 예측하는데 있어 정성적인 정보가 중요한 역할을 한다는 결론을 얻었다. 둘째로 AHP를 이용한 부도예측 모형을 설계할 때 각 속성에 대한 전문가(45명)들의 의견을 종합하는 방법으로 산술평균과 기하평균을 이용한 검증결과에 의하면 기하평균방법을 통하여 전문가들의 의견을 종합하는 것이 보다 합리적이라는 실증적 증거를 얻을 수 있었다. 셋째로 Akaike의 기준값을 분석한 결과에 의하면 LOGIT 모형은 정량적인 정보와 정성적인 정보를 모두 이용한 모형이 가장 우수한 것으로 판명되었고, 모형의 부도예측력도 가장 높은 것으로 밝혀졌다. AHP 모형은 정성적인 정보만을 이용한 모형에서 가장 높은 부도예측을을 나타내었으며, 기하평균을 이용한 AHP 모형은 LOGIT 모형보다 항상 높은 부도예측율을 보여주었다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-58
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• 1998

본 연구는 여러 가지 Data Mining 기법들로부터 도출된 지식과 AHP를 이용하여 도출된 전문가의 지식을 사용된 정보의 특성에 따라 조사하고, 이러한 각각의 지식들을 중심으로 부도예측 모형을 설계한 후, 각 모형의 특성 및 부도예측력에 대한 실증적 비교연구에 그 목적을 두고 있다. 사용된 Data Mining 기법들은 통계적 다중판별분석 모형, ID3 모형, 인공신경망 모형이며, 전문가 지식의 추출은 AHP를 사용하여 45명의 전문가로부터 부도와 관련하여 인터뷰 및 설문조사를 실시하였다. 특히 부도예측에 사용된 변수의 특성을 정량적 재무정보와 정성적 비재무정보로 나누어서 각 모형의 특성을 비교연구하였다. 연구결과 부도예측시 정성적정보의 중요성을 확인하였으며, 전문가의 지식을 기반으로한 AHP 모형이 위험예측모형으로 사용될 수 있음을 실증적으로 보여주었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.1059-1065
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• 2002

주가자료를 활용한 부도예측모형인 KMV EDF 모형을 기반으로 일별주가자료와 기업재무자료를 이용하여, 모형에 필요한 적절한 모수를 찾고 모델링을 하였으며, 적절성을 검증했다. 그리고, 기존의 연구에 따라 월평균주가자료를 이용한 경우, 모형에 왜곡이 가해질 수 있다는 점을 지적했다. 또한, 민감도 분석을 통하여 본 모형의 부도예측값에 미치는 주요한 검증하고, 실용적으로 사용할 수 있는 간단한 민감도분석 Tool을 설계하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.125-133
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• 2014

This paper develops a bankruptcy prediction model on an Artificial Neural Network for hotel management. A bankruptcy prediction model has a specific feature to predict a bankruptcy of the whole hotel business after evaluate bankruptcy possibility on the basis of business performance data of each branch. here are many traditional statistical models for bankruptcy prediction such as Multivariate Discriminant Analysis or Logit Analysis. However, we chose Artificial Neural Network because the method has accuracy rates of prediction better than those of other methods. We first selected 100 good enterprises and 100 bankrupt enterprises as experimental data and set up a bankruptcy prediction model by use of a tool for Artificial Neural Network, NeuroShell. The model and its experiments, which demonstrated high efficiency, can certainly provide great help in decision making in the field of hotel management and in deciding on the bankruptcy or financial solidity of each branch of serviced residence hotel.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.195-202
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 보다 효과적인 기업부도예측을 위하여, 동계적 방법과 인공지능 방법을 결합한 통합모형을 제시하였다. 이를 위하여 통계적인 모형 중에서 가장 널리 활용되고 있는 다변량 판별분석, 로지스틱 회귀분석과 인공 지능적인 방법으로서 최근 널리 사용되고 있는 인공신경망, 규칙유도기법, 베이지안 망의 5가지 방법론을 통합한 Voting with Performance & Weights from ANN(WP-ANN) 통합모형을 제시하였다. 실험결과, 본 연구에서 제안한 WP-ANN 통합모형은 다변량 판별분석, 로지스탁 회귀분석, 인공신경망, 규칙유도기법, 베이지안 망 등의 단일모형과 비교한 결과 가장 예측정확성이 유수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 기업부도예측에 있어서 WP-ANN 통합모형이 기존의 모형들에 비해 우수한 예측정확성을 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.227-249
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• 2003

Prediction of corporate failure using past financial data is a well-documented topic. Early studies of bankruptcy prediction used statistical techniques such as multiple discriminant analysis, logit and probit. Recently, however, numerous studies have demonstrated that artificial intelligence such as neural networks can be an alternative methodology for classification problems to which traditional statistical methods have long been applied. In building neural network model, the selection of independent and dependent variables should be approached with great care and should be treated as model construction process. Irrespective of the efficiency of a teaming procedure in terms of convergence, generalization and stability, the ultimate performance of the estimator will depend on the relevance of the selected input variables and the quality of the data used. Approaches developed in statistical methods such as correlation analysis and stepwise selection method are often very useful. These methods, however, may not be the optimal ones for the development of neural network model. In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithms approach to find an optimal or near optimal input variables fur neural network modeling. The proposed approach is demonstrated by applications to bankruptcy prediction modeling. Our experimental results show that this approach increases overall classification accuracy rate significantly.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.105-123
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• 2022

Thanks to the remarkable success of Artificial Intelligence (A.I.) techniques, a new possibility for its application on the real-world problem has begun. One of the prominent applications is the bankruptcy prediction model as it is often used as a basic knowledge base for credit scoring models in the financial industry. As a result, there has been extensive research on how to improve the prediction accuracy of the model. However, despite its impressive performance, it is difficult to implement machine learning (ML)-based models due to its intrinsic trait of obscurity, especially when the field requires or values an explanation about the result obtained by the model. The financial domain is one of the areas where explanation matters to stakeholders such as domain experts and customers. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to incorporate financial domain knowledge into local rule generation to provide explanations for the bankruptcy prediction model at instance level. The result shows the proposed method successfully selects and classifies the extracted rules based on the feasibility and information they convey to the users.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.155-165
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• 2015

Bankruptcy prediction has been one of the important research topics in finance since 1960s. In Korea, it has gotten attention from researchers since IMF crisis in 1998. This study aims at proposing a novel model for better bankruptcy prediction by converging three techniques - support vector machine(SVM), fuzzy theory, and genetic algorithm(GA). Our convergence model is basically based on SVM, a classification algorithm enables to predict accurately and to avoid overfitting. It also incorporates fuzzy theory to extend the dimensions of the input variables, and GA to optimize the controlling parameters and feature subset selection. To validate the usefulness of the proposed model, we applied it to H Bank's non-external auditing companies' data. We also experimented six comparative models to validate the superiority of the proposed model. As a result, our model was found to show the best prediction accuracy among the models. Our study is expected to contribute to the relevant literature and practitioners on bankruptcy prediction.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.209-237
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• 2006

Since previous default forecasting models for the firms evaluate the probability of default based upon the accounting data from book values, they cannot reflect the changes in markets sensitively and they seem to lack theoretical background. The market-information based models, however, not only make use of market data for the default prediction, but also have strong theoretical background like Black-Scholes (1973) option theory. So, many firms recently use such market based model as KMV to forecast their default probabilities and to manage their credit risks. Korean firms also widely use the KMV model in which default point is defined by liquid debt plus 50% of fixed debt. Since the debt structures between Korean and American firms are significantly different, Korean firms should carefully use KMV model. In this study, we empirically investigate the importance of debt structure. In particular, we find the following facts: First, in Korea, fixed debts are more important than liquid debts in accurate prediction of default. Second, the percentage of fixed debt must be less than 20% when default point is calculated for Korean firms, which is different from the KMV. These facts give Korean firms some valuable implication about default forecasting and management of credit risk.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.139-153
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• 2017

Corporate bankruptcy can cause great losses not only to stakeholders but also to many related sectors in society. Through the economic crises, bankruptcy have increased and bankruptcy prediction models have become more and more important. Therefore, corporate bankruptcy has been regarded as one of the major topics of research in business management. Also, many studies in the industry are in progress and important. Previous studies attempted to utilize various methodologies to improve the bankruptcy prediction accuracy and to resolve the overfitting problem, such as Multivariate Discriminant Analysis (MDA), Generalized Linear Model (GLM). These methods are based on statistics. Recently, researchers have used machine learning methodologies such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Furthermore, fuzzy theory and genetic algorithms were used. Because of this change, many of bankruptcy models are developed. Also, performance has been improved. In general, the company's financial and accounting information will change over time. Likewise, the market situation also changes, so there are many difficulties in predicting bankruptcy only with information at a certain point in time. However, even though traditional research has problems that don't take into account the time effect, dynamic model has not been studied much. When we ignore the time effect, we get the biased results. So the static model may not be suitable for predicting bankruptcy. Thus, using the dynamic model, there is a possibility that bankruptcy prediction model is improved. In this paper, we propose RNN (Recurrent Neural Network) which is one of the deep learning methodologies. The RNN learns time series data and the performance is known to be good. Prior to experiment, we selected non-financial firms listed on the KOSPI, KOSDAQ and KONEX markets from 2010 to 2016 for the estimation of the bankruptcy prediction model and the comparison of forecasting performance. In order to prevent a mistake of predicting bankruptcy by using the financial information already reflected in the deterioration of the financial condition of the company, the financial information was collected with a lag of two years, and the default period was defined from January to December of the year. Then we defined the bankruptcy. The bankruptcy we defined is the abolition of the listing due to sluggish earnings. We confirmed abolition of the list at KIND that is corporate stock information website. Then we selected variables at previous papers. The first set of variables are Z-score variables. These variables have become traditional variables in predicting bankruptcy. The second set of variables are dynamic variable set. Finally we selected 240 normal companies and 226 bankrupt companies at the first variable set. Likewise, we selected 229 normal companies and 226 bankrupt companies at the second variable set. We created a model that reflects dynamic changes in time-series financial data and by comparing the suggested model with the analysis of existing bankruptcy predictive models, we found that the suggested model could help to improve the accuracy of bankruptcy predictions. We used financial data in KIS Value (Financial database) and selected Multivariate Discriminant Analysis (MDA), Generalized Linear Model called logistic regression (GLM), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model as benchmark. The result of the experiment proved that RNN's performance was better than comparative model. The accuracy of RNN was high in both sets of variables and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) value was also high. Also when we saw the hit-ratio table, the ratio of RNNs that predicted a poor company to be bankrupt was higher than that of other comparative models. However the limitation of this paper is that an overfitting problem occurs during RNN learning. But we expect to be able to solve the overfitting problem by selecting more learning data and appropriate variables. From these result, it is expected that this research will contribute to the development of a bankruptcy prediction by proposing a new dynamic model.